Is Prickly Ash Poisonous?
Prickly ash, a common name for species within the Zanthoxylum genus, is a plant frequently encountered in North America. While not typically considered “poisonous” in a life-threatening sense, certain parts can cause irritation and discomfort. This shrub or small tree is known for its traditional use and common nickname, “toothache tree.”
The plant’s effects stem from various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, essential oils, and flavonoids. Compounds like sanshools, a type of alkaloid, are responsible for the characteristic tingling and numbing sensation associated with the plant. The concentration and specific types of these compounds can vary between different Zanthoxylum species, influencing their effects.
Certain parts of the prickly ash plant contain these irritating compounds, most notably the bark, leaves, and berries. The thorns on the stems and trunks can also cause mechanical irritation. Ingestion can lead to unpleasant symptoms. Individuals with sensitive skin, young children, and pets are more susceptible to experiencing adverse reactions.
Recognizing Symptoms of Exposure
Exposure to prickly ash can result in a range of symptoms, primarily affecting the skin and mucous membranes. Direct skin contact with the plant’s sap, leaves, or thorns can lead to contact dermatitis. Symptoms of this skin irritation include redness, itching, and a rash. In some cases, blistering may also occur.
Accidental ingestion of prickly ash parts, such as chewing on the bark or berries, often causes a tingling or numbing sensation in the mouth. This effect is the basis for its historical use in treating toothaches. Beyond the numbing, ingestion can also lead to mild stomach upset, characterized by discomfort or nausea. Severe systemic poisoning from typical exposure is rare.
Safe Handling and Emergency Measures
When interacting with prickly ash, wear protective gear. Long sleeves and gloves can help prevent direct skin contact with the plant’s bark, leaves, or thorns. This precaution is especially important for individuals who have sensitive skin or a history of allergic reactions.
If skin contact occurs, wash the affected area with soap and water to remove any irritating compounds. For accidental ingestion, rinsing the mouth with water can help alleviate immediate discomfort. Drinking water afterward can also help dilute ingested plant material.
Medical attention should be sought if symptoms are severe, such as widespread blistering, significant pain, or difficulty breathing, which could indicate an allergic reaction. Persistent digestive upset or any signs of systemic illness, particularly in children or pets after ingestion, also warrant professional medical evaluation. For specific guidance, contact a local poison control center.
Identifying Prickly Ash
Prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) is a deciduous shrub or small tree found in the central and eastern regions of the United States and Canada. Its thorny stems and trunks feature sharp, broad-based prickles, often in pairs below leaf axils. The bark is smooth and gray to dark brown, sometimes developing slight grooves on older specimens.
The leaves are alternately arranged and pinnately compound, with several smaller leaflets along a central stem. These leaflets are egg-shaped to lance-elliptic with finely serrated edges. When crushed, the leaves release a distinct lemony or citrusy aroma from oil glands.
Small, greenish-yellow flowers appear in clusters in early spring before the leaves fully emerge. These are followed by small, red, berry-like fruits that mature in late summer and split open to reveal shiny black seeds.