Potpourri consists of dried plant material like flowers, leaves, and spices, treated with highly concentrated fragrance oils to provide a lasting aroma. When used as directed, displaying the dried botanicals poses a low exposure risk to adults. However, the product contains chemical components that can pose significant hazards if the material is ingested or mishandled. The primary concern arises when the contents are accidentally swallowed by children or pets, or when the concentrated oils are spilled onto the skin.
The Primary Toxic Components
The primary source of toxicity comes from the concentrated essential oils and synthetic fragrance compounds used to infuse the dried materials. These oils are complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and are potent plant extracts or their synthetic counterparts. Concentrated essential oils, such as those derived from eucalyptus, cinnamon, or wintergreen, are rapidly absorbed by the body through the digestive tract or skin. Ingesting even a small volume, sometimes as little as 2 to 5 milliliters, can lead to severe poisoning, especially in children. Many potpourri products also rely on synthetic fragrances that release various VOCs into the air, including substances like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which are known respiratory and mucosal irritants.
Recognizing Symptoms of Exposure
Symptoms of exposure depend on the route the toxic components entered the body. The most severe presentation follows accidental ingestion, typically of the concentrated liquid oil. Ingestion can cause immediate gastrointestinal distress, including nausea and persistent vomiting.
Once absorbed, the concentrated oils can affect the central nervous system (CNS), leading to rapid onset of symptoms within 30 minutes to four hours. CNS effects can range from drowsiness and lethargy to more serious outcomes like seizures, uncoordinated gait, or even coma. A significant danger with ingestion is the risk of aspiration, where the oil enters the lungs during vomiting or choking, causing chemical pneumonitis, which is a form of lung injury.
Inhalation exposure to the VOCs released from the potpourri can trigger respiratory symptoms, particularly in sensitive individuals. People with underlying conditions like asthma may experience an exacerbation of their symptoms, including wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Headaches, throat pain, and irritation of the eyes and nasal passages are also common reactions to the volatile compounds.
Direct dermal contact with the concentrated fragrance oils can cause localized irritation. The oils are capable of causing chemical burns and redness on sensitive skin or mucous membranes. Certain compounds can also act as contact allergens, leading to allergic dermatitis or a persistent skin rash.
Immediate Action Steps
In the event of any human exposure to potpourri contents, the immediate priority is to seek professional medical guidance. If the exposed person is experiencing difficulty breathing, unresponsiveness, or seizures, call emergency services right away. For all other exposures, contact the National Poison Control Center immediately at 1-800-222-1222 for specific advice.
If the skin or eyes have been exposed to the oil, rinse the area thoroughly with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes, or move the person to fresh air if inhalation was involved. It is important to have the product packaging available when speaking with a health professional, as the exact ingredients and concentration are necessary to determine the appropriate course of action.