Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by a compromised skin barrier function. For those with eczema, swimming presents a complicated situation where the water and its chemical contents can either cause a flare-up or, in some instances, provide temporary relief. Understanding the specific mechanisms of pool water on sensitive skin is the first step toward enjoying aquatic activities without discomfort.
How Pool Chemicals Interact with Eczema-Prone Skin
Standard swimming pool water relies on disinfectants like chlorine to keep the environment safe and hygienic. This chlorine, particularly when it reacts with organic matter to form chloramines, is the primary source of irritation for eczema-prone skin. The chlorine compound functions as a harsh detergent, effectively stripping away the stratum corneum’s protective lipid barrier, which is composed of natural oils and ceramides.
This removal of the protective oils dramatically increases transepidermal water loss (TEWL), meaning moisture rapidly evaporates from the skin’s deeper layers. The resulting dryness and tightness are often the first signs of a chemical-induced flare-up after swimming. Furthermore, the pH of a well-maintained pool is typically slightly alkaline, ranging between 7.2 and 7.4.
The skin’s natural surface, known as the acid mantle, is much more acidic, usually falling between pH 4.1 and 5.8. This difference in pH disrupts the skin’s delicate balance, further weakening the barrier and increasing vulnerability to irritation. Calcium added to harden pool water can also damage the skin barrier, adding to the dryness and potential for irritation.
Paradoxically, the antiseptic qualities of chlorine can sometimes offer a temporary benefit for some individuals with eczema. Over 90% of eczema lesions are colonized by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which drives inflammation. Similar to a therapeutic dilute bleach bath, the low-level chlorine exposure may reduce the bacterial load on the skin, temporarily calming certain symptoms. However, this potential benefit is quickly overshadowed by the drying and irritating effects if proper post-swim care is ignored.
Essential Pre-Swim and Post-Swim Skin Care Routines
Protecting the skin barrier before entering the water is a preventative measure that can significantly reduce chemical exposure and irritation. Before swimming, individuals should apply a thick, occlusive barrier ointment, such as petroleum jelly or a ceramide-rich cream, to all exposed areas. This application creates a physical, water-resistant layer that acts as a shield, preventing direct contact between the pool water and the sensitive skin underneath.
The immediate post-swim routine is the most important step for minimizing the long-term effects of pool chemicals. As soon as possible after exiting the water, a thorough rinse or shower is necessary to wash away all chlorine and chemical residue. Use a mild, fragrance-free cleanser to help neutralize any residual chemicals, and ensure the water used is fresh.
After the quick rinse, the skin should be gently patted dry with a soft towel, avoiding any harsh rubbing that could cause friction and further irritation. The final step is the “soak and seal” method, which involves applying a generous layer of moisturizer while the skin is still slightly damp. This application should occur quickly, ideally within three minutes of leaving the shower, to effectively seal the remaining water into the skin and compensate for moisture lost during the swim.
Understanding Different Water Types and Eczema
The impact of swimming depends heavily on the water source, as not all swimming environments affect the skin equally. Highly chlorinated traditional pools pose the greatest risk due to the harsh chemical stripping of the skin barrier. The constant exposure to chlorine and chloramines demands meticulous pre- and post-swim protocols to prevent a flare-up.
Saltwater pools are often promoted as a gentler alternative, but they are not chlorine-free; they use a salt chlorine generator to create chlorine through electrolysis. While the resulting chlorine level is often lower, the high salt concentration can still be drying for some individuals. The same strict moisturizing regimen must be followed, as the salt can still pull moisture from the skin and potentially sting any existing open lesions.
Ocean water, due to its high salinity and mineral content, offers a different experience, which can be highly variable for people with eczema. Some individuals find that the rich mineral composition, particularly magnesium, can have a temporary anti-inflammatory effect and may improve barrier function. However, the intense concentration of salt can be extremely drying if left on the skin, often leading to a tight, uncomfortable feeling. To prevent salt crystallization from further dehydrating the skin, rinsing off immediately after swimming in the ocean is mandatory, followed by a robust application of moisturizer.