Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a widely used compound found in many everyday products, from medications to cosmetics. For pregnant individuals, questions often arise about the safety of various substances, and PEG is no exception. Understanding PEG’s potential effects during pregnancy is a common concern. This article aims to provide clarity on PEG’s safety profile during this important time.
Understanding Polyethylene Glycol
Polyethylene glycol is a synthetic polymer derived from petroleum. It is generally non-toxic, odorless, colorless, and inert, meaning it does not readily react with other substances. Its high water solubility is a key characteristic, allowing it to dissolve easily in liquids.
PEG serves diverse purposes across many industries, including its use in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In medicine, it functions as an excipient, a non-active ingredient in various oral, topical, and injectable medications. A notable medical application for PEG is as a base for osmotic laxatives, such as those marketed under brand names like MiraLAX or GlycoLax. It is also found in skincare products, where its hydrophilic nature helps retain moisture.
Safety Assessment During Pregnancy
When considering polyethylene glycol’s safety during pregnancy, the consensus among medical professionals generally supports its use. This is primarily because PEG is poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally. Its large molecular size means that only negligible amounts enter the bloodstream, limiting its ability to cross the placental barrier and reach the developing fetus.
While some older classification systems, like the FDA pregnancy category, previously listed PEG 3350 as Category C (indicating animal studies showed adverse effects but human data were lacking), newer guidelines have shifted. The US FDA has since amended its pregnancy labeling rules, and polyethylene glycol 3350 is now often listed as “Not Assigned” due to its negligible systemic exposure. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) classifies it as B1, which means it has been used by a limited number of pregnant women without an observed increase in malformations or other harmful effects on the fetus.
Leading medical organizations, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the American Academy of Family Physicians, consider PEG a preferred option for treating constipation in pregnancy. A 2024 clinical practice update on pregnancy-related gastrointestinal and liver disease also recommends the use of PEG-based laxatives for pregnant individuals. This recommendation is based on the understanding that PEG’s action is localized to the gut, minimizing systemic effects on the mother or the fetus. Although some studies have detected PEG in human placentas, the implications for fetal health from this presence are not yet clear.
Practical Considerations and Usage
Polyethylene glycol is commonly used as an osmotic laxative for relieving constipation, a frequent complaint during pregnancy. It functions by drawing water into the colon, which softens the stool and increases its bulk, making it easier to pass. This mechanism differs from stimulant laxatives, which directly promote muscle contractions in the intestines. Because PEG works by hydrating the stool, it generally produces a bowel movement within one to three days of use.
For constipation relief, the typical adult dosage involves dissolving 17 grams of PEG powder in four to eight ounces of any beverage, taken once daily. It is important to follow the product instructions and adhere to the dosage recommended by a healthcare provider. While PEG is generally considered safe for short-term use, prolonged use beyond seven days should be discussed with a doctor.
When to Consult a Healthcare Provider
Consulting a healthcare provider, such as a doctor or obstetrician, is important before using any medication, including polyethylene glycol, during pregnancy. This allows for a thorough discussion of individual symptoms, medical history, and any existing concerns. While PEG is broadly considered safe, a healthcare professional can assess specific circumstances and provide personalized guidance.
A doctor can also discuss non-pharmacological approaches to managing conditions like constipation, which are often recommended as a first line of defense. These strategies include increasing dietary fiber intake through fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, ensuring adequate fluid consumption, and engaging in regular, moderate physical activity. These lifestyle adjustments can often alleviate discomfort and contribute to overall well-being during pregnancy, and a healthcare provider can help determine the most appropriate course of action if these measures are insufficient.