Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting 5% to 18% of women of reproductive age. It involves a hormonal imbalance that leads to a variety of symptoms. Because PCOS affects the reproductive system, questions arise about its origin. This article clarifies the nature of PCOS, its established causes, features, and management.
Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Transmissible?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is not a transmissible disease; it cannot be passed from one person to another. It is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or disease (STD). PCOS is a hormonal and metabolic disorder that originates internally within the body. The factors contributing to its development are genetic, hormonal, and environmental, distinct from the agents that cause infectious diseases.
Key Features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Diagnosis of PCOS is based on the presence of at least two out of three primary features, often referred to as the Rotterdam criteria. One feature is oligo- or anovulation, referring to irregular or absent menstrual periods. This irregularity means the ovaries are not releasing an egg regularly, with cycles often occurring more than 35 days apart or fewer than eight times per year.
A second feature is hyperandrogenism, involving signs of excess male hormones (androgens) through clinical symptoms or blood tests. Clinically, this manifests as hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face, chest, or back), severe acne, or male-pattern hair loss. Biochemically, it is confirmed by elevated androgen levels in the blood.
The third feature is the presence of polycystic ovaries, visualized on an ultrasound. These ovaries contain numerous small, fluid-filled sacs called follicles. These follicles are underdeveloped stages of egg development that fail to mature and be released during ovulation.
Established Causes and Risk Factors
The exact biological trigger for PCOS remains uncertain, but it is understood to be a complex, multi-factorial condition involving several interconnected biological factors. A strong genetic predisposition is a primary element, as PCOS often runs in families. Researchers have identified multiple gene variations that influence hormone regulation and energy use within the body.
Insulin resistance is another major factor, present in a large percentage of women with PCOS. Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose, but in insulin resistance, cells do not respond effectively. This causes the pancreas to produce more insulin, leading to hyperinsulinemia, which stimulates the ovaries to produce excess androgens.
Chronic low-grade inflammation is also consistently observed. This persistent, subtle inflammation may contribute to the increased production of androgens and the development of metabolic complications. Factors like obesity and an unhealthy diet can worsen both insulin resistance and the inflammatory state.
Diagnosis and Management Approaches
The process of diagnosing PCOS involves a comprehensive evaluation starting with a detailed patient history and physical examination. Clinicians investigate menstrual patterns and look for signs of hyperandrogenism, such as hirsutism and acne, while ruling out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, like thyroid disorders. Blood tests measure hormone levels, including androgens, and screen for metabolic issues like high cholesterol and diabetes. An ultrasound may assess the ovaries for multiple small follicles, though this is not required if the other two diagnostic criteria are met.
Management focuses on addressing symptoms and reducing the long-term health risks associated with the condition, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. The first line of management involves lifestyle changes, including dietary modifications and regular physical activity. Even modest weight loss can significantly improve symptoms by reducing insulin resistance and androgen levels. Medical treatments are tailored to the individual’s primary concerns. Hormonal birth control is often used to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen-related symptoms, and medications like Metformin may be prescribed to improve the body’s response to insulin.