Philodendron species are popular houseplants known for their lush foliage and ease of care. Despite their aesthetic appeal, all parts of the Philodendron genus are toxic to humans if ingested. While the toxicity is generally low to moderate, consuming any part of the plant can lead to significant physical discomfort. Understanding this toxicity is important for anyone living with these tropical plants.
The Specific Toxin and Mechanism
The toxicity of philodendron is not caused by a chemical poison absorbed into the bloodstream, but by a physical irritant within the plant’s structure. The plant contains insoluble calcium oxalate crystals, which are microscopic, needle-shaped structures known as raphides. These crystals are housed inside specialized cells within the plant tissue.
When the plant material is chewed or broken down, these cells rupture, forcefully ejecting the sharp raphides. This mechanism acts as a defense system to deter herbivores. The physical action of these tiny, needle-like crystals causes mechanical injury by piercing the sensitive mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract. This penetration triggers an immediate inflammatory response, resulting in localized pain and swelling rather than a systemic toxic effect.
Symptoms Following Exposure
Contact with the calcium oxalate crystals results in a rapid onset of localized symptoms. The initial reaction to ingesting philodendron includes intense oral pain and an immediate burning sensation in the mouth and throat.
A noticeable effect is the rapid swelling of the lips, tongue, and throat. Severe swelling can impair normal function, leading to difficulty speaking and increased salivation. If a larger amount is swallowed, irritation may extend down the esophagus, causing difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
Ingestion can also irritate the stomach lining, leading to gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and vomiting. Furthermore, sap contact with the skin or eyes can cause localized redness, inflammation, and pain.
Immediate Action and Safe Handling
If a person ingests a philodendron leaf, first remove any remaining plant material from the mouth. Wipe the mouth with a cold, wet cloth and rinse thoroughly with water. Giving the exposed person water or milk to drink can help dilute any remaining crystals and provide relief.
Contact a local Poison Control Center immediately for professional medical advice. Medical professionals will monitor the severity of swelling and ensure the airway remains clear, which is the primary concern in severe oral exposures. If the person is experiencing convulsions, vomiting, or decreased alertness, do not give them anything by mouth and seek emergency medical help right away.
Preventative measures are the most effective way to avoid exposure. Houseplants should be placed in locations inaccessible to small children and pets, such as on high shelves or in hanging baskets. When handling or pruning philodendrons, wear gloves to prevent skin irritation from the sap. Ensure that all cut leaves and plant debris are promptly discarded.