Periwinkle plants are common in gardens for their appealing foliage and flowers. However, periwinkle plants are poisonous to humans if ingested. All parts contain toxic compounds that can cause adverse health effects, from mild discomfort to severe systemic issues, depending on the quantity consumed.
Understanding Periwinkle Plants
The term “periwinkle” refers to species in the Vinca genus and Catharanthus roseus. Common garden periwinkles, Vinca minor and Vinca major, are evergreen groundcovers native to Europe, known for their shiny green leaves and blue-violet flowers. These are considered mildly toxic.
Catharanthus roseus, also known as Madagascar periwinkle, is distinct and has a higher level of toxicity. Native to Madagascar, this perennial has bright pink or white flowers and glossy green leaves. All parts of Catharanthus roseus are toxic due to a complex array of chemical compounds.
Toxicity and Potential Symptoms
Periwinkle plants are toxic due to various alkaloids, including vincristine, vinblastine, and vincamine. These compounds, especially those in Catharanthus roseus, are potent and can disrupt cell division, even being used in chemotherapy. If ingested, these alkaloids can interfere with normal cellular processes and affect multiple organ systems.
Symptoms vary depending on the amount consumed and the specific plant species. Mild symptoms include gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Larger exposures can cause more severe effects, including neurological disturbances like nerve damage, headache, hallucinations, seizures, or coma. Cardiovascular complications, such as reduced blood pressure and cardiac issues, are also possible. Liver damage and bone marrow suppression have also been reported in severe cases, particularly with Catharanthus roseus intoxication.
Responding to Exposure and Safe Practices
If periwinkle ingestion is suspected, seek immediate medical attention. Contact a poison control center for personalized guidance. Do not induce vomiting unless specifically advised by a medical professional. Medical treatment involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further toxin absorption, which may include activated charcoal administration or fluid replacement.
To prevent accidental exposure, especially in households with children or pets, plant periwinkle varieties away from high-traffic areas or where they are easily accessible. When handling the plants, such as during pruning or potting, wear gloves and wash hands thoroughly, as toxins from the milky sap can transfer to the skin. Keeping plants out of reach of curious young children and pets significantly reduces the risk of accidental ingestion.