Period swimwear is a reusable garment designed to absorb menstrual fluid, allowing individuals to swim during their period without using internal products or traditional pads. These garments look and feel like regular swimwear but feature an absorbent panel built into the gusset. The function is to capture menstrual flow both in and out of the water, providing a discreet alternative to tampons or menstrual cups. Consumers often question whether this textile technology is safe and hygienic for use in aquatic environments. This article explores the physical mechanism, biological risks, and material composition of period swimwear.
Understanding How Period Swimwear Works
The technology relies on a multi-layered design built into the gusset area of the garment. The layer closest to the skin wicks moisture away rapidly, creating a dry sensation while combating odor. Beneath this is a highly absorbent core, often made of specialized textile fibers, which captures and locks away the menstrual fluid.
The outer layer is a waterproof barrier, typically made from a material like polyurethane laminate (PUL), that prevents absorbed fluid from leaking out. This barrier also repels pool or ocean water, preventing the absorbent core from becoming saturated with external water. When submerged, the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the water helps temporarily slow the flow of menstrual fluid, aiding the swimwear’s ability to manage discharge.
Addressing Health and Hygiene Risks
A common concern is the risk of Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), a rare but serious condition associated with the prolonged use of internal menstrual products. Since period swimwear is an external product, similar to a pad, it does not create the conditions necessary for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to proliferate in the vaginal canal. The risk of TSS from wearing period swimwear is considered extremely low because there is no internal stagnation of menstrual fluid.
The most significant hygiene risk stems from wearing any damp garment for an extended period. This creates a warm, moist environment ideal for the growth of fungi and bacteria. This moisture can disrupt the delicate, acidic pH balance of the vaginal microbiome, which is naturally maintained by Lactobacilli bacteria. A shift in this balance increases the susceptibility to common urogenital infections, such as yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis.
The fabric’s prolonged contact with the skin, especially when wet, can also lead to physical irritation. The tight fit and synthetic materials common in swimwear may cause friction and chafing, potentially resulting in microscopic skin abrasions or textile dermatitis. This irritation can be worsened by chemicals like chlorine or the drying effects of saltwater, making the skin more vulnerable.
Material Safety and Chemical Composition
The performance of period swimwear often relies on water-repellent properties, leading to concerns regarding the use of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in some textiles. These chemicals, sometimes called “forever chemicals,” have historically been used to provide stain and water resistance.
PFAS are endocrine disruptors, meaning they can interfere with the body’s hormonal functions. Exposure has been linked to potential health concerns, including thyroid issues and decreased fertility. This risk is amplified because the swimwear is worn directly against the sensitive and permeable skin of the vulvar area, which may absorb chemicals more readily.
The presence of PFAS is not universal, and many modern period swimwear brands prioritize consumer safety by explicitly offering PFAS-free products. These alternatives typically use a physical waterproof barrier, such as Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), to achieve leak protection without chemical treatments. Consumers can verify a brand’s commitment to safety by looking for clear “PFAS-Free” claims and requesting evidence of independent, third-party lab testing.
Proper Care and Maintenance for Long-Term Safety
To ensure the swimwear remains hygienic and functional throughout its lifespan, proper care is necessary immediately following use. After swimming, the garment should be rinsed promptly with cold water until the water runs clear. This removes menstrual fluid, as well as chlorine, salt, or sand residue that can degrade the fabric fibers.
Washing should be done using a cold, gentle cycle with a mild detergent, or by hand. Avoid the use of fabric softeners or bleach, as these products can coat the technical fibers, compromising absorbency and leak-proof qualities. The swimwear must then be air-dried completely before storage. Residual dampness can encourage the growth of mold and mildew, which can damage the fabric and pose a health risk.