Given the amount of time spent sleeping, a mattress can become a reservoir for substances that cause nightly discomfort or chronic illness. The warm, dark, and often moist environment supports biological organisms that accumulate over time. Additionally, chemical components released from manufacturing materials can cause problems. Understanding these sources can help identify why symptoms might worsen overnight or upon waking.
Biological Sources of Contamination
The most common biological agents are house dust mites, microscopic arthropods that thrive in the warm, humid conditions created by a sleeping body. They feed on shed skin cells, and a single mattress can harbor millions, making it a significant source of indoor allergens. The health problems are caused by proteins in their fecal matter and decaying body fragments. When inhaled, these airborne particles trigger allergic reactions like sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes, and can exacerbate existing respiratory conditions.
Mold and mildew also flourish in moisture retained by the mattress from sweat or spills. This fungal growth releases spores that, when inhaled, contribute to chronic respiratory symptoms and congestion. Furthermore, a used mattress supports the growth of various bacteria and fungi, fueled by body sweat. Microbes like Staphylococcus aureus can lead to skin irritation or infections, compromising skin health and contributing to conditions like eczema.
Chemical Exposure from New Mattresses
A different set of health concerns arises from off-gassing, the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a new mattress. VOCs are chemical byproducts of the manufacturing process, especially in synthetic materials like polyurethane and memory foam. These compounds, which can include formaldehyde and benzene, cause short-term adverse health effects. Common complaints include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Symptoms are usually most pronounced immediately after setup and diminish as the mattress airs out over days or weeks.
Another source of chemical exposure comes from flame retardants incorporated to meet flammability safety standards. While older chemicals like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been phased out, newer alternatives, including organophosphate compounds, still raise long-term health concerns regarding hormone interference.
The specific materials determine the intensity of chemical off-gassing. Mattresses made predominantly from petroleum-based polyurethane foam are the most likely to emit high levels of VOCs. In contrast, those constructed with natural materials, such as certified organic cotton, wool, or natural latex, typically contain fewer synthetic components. Body heat and pressure can also accelerate the release of these chemicals over time, prolonging exposure.
Mitigation and Prevention Strategies
Several practical steps can significantly reduce both biological and chemical exposure from your mattress. To limit biological contamination, the primary strategy involves controlling the habitat of dust mites and other microbes.
Reducing Biological Contaminants
- Encasing your mattress and pillows in specialized, zippered dust mite barrier covers prevents allergens from escaping.
- Regularly wash all bedding in water heated to at least 130°F (54°C) to effectively kill dust mites.
- Maintain bedroom humidity below 50% to discourage the growth of mold and dust mites.
- Periodically vacuum the mattress surface using a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter vacuum.
Managing Chemical Exposure
When bringing home a new mattress, especially one made with synthetic foams, promote off-gassing before use. Unbox the mattress and leave it in a well-ventilated space for a few days to allow initial VOCs to dissipate. Look for mattresses that carry third-party certifications, such as GREENGUARD Gold or CertiPUR-US, which verify low-VOC emissions and the absence of certain harmful chemicals.
A general guideline suggests replacing mattresses every 7 to 10 years, as materials break down and biological contaminants accumulate. If you notice a persistent musty smell, visible mold, or a sudden increase in allergy or asthma symptoms that only occur at night, replacement may be necessary.