A hip dislocation occurs when the top of the thigh bone, known as the femoral head, separates from its cup-shaped socket in the pelvis, called the acetabulum. A dislocated hip is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention.
Recognizing the Signs of a Dislocated Hip
A hip dislocation typically presents with acute and intense symptoms. One of the most prominent signs is severe pain in the hip or groin area, which can radiate down the leg. This pain can make any movement of the leg extremely difficult, and people with a dislocated hip are usually unable to move the affected leg or bear any weight on it.
A visible deformity of the hip is another common indicator. The affected leg may appear shorter than the other, or it might be rotated in an unnatural position, either inward or outward. Swelling and discoloration around the hip joint are also frequently observed. Additionally, some individuals may experience numbness or tingling in the leg or foot, suggesting possible nerve involvement.
Common Causes of Hip Dislocation
Hip dislocations usually result from significant force, as the hip joint is naturally very stable due to its bony structure and strong ligaments. High-impact trauma is the most frequent cause. Motor vehicle collisions account for a majority of traumatic hip dislocations, often occurring when the knee strikes the dashboard, driving the thigh bone backward out of its socket. Falls from significant heights and sports injuries can also generate enough force to dislocate the hip.
Dislocations can also occur in less common scenarios. Individuals with prosthetic hips are more susceptible to dislocation, sometimes from everyday activities, due to the altered mechanics of the joint. Developmental conditions like hip dysplasia, where the hip socket is shallow, can also make a person more prone to dislocation with less force. In these cases, the hip joint may not fit as securely, increasing the risk of displacement.
Immediate Steps and Medical Attention
If a hip dislocation is suspected, immediate medical attention is essential. Do not attempt to move the injured person or try to reduce the dislocation manually. Moving the joint could cause further damage to surrounding nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, or bones. Instead, call emergency services immediately.
While waiting for medical professionals to arrive, keep the person still and calm. Rapid medical intervention is crucial to minimize the risk of long-term complications, such as damage to the blood supply to the bone (avascular necrosis) or nerve injury. Correction of the dislocation is most successful when performed within a few hours of the injury.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery
Upon arrival at a medical facility, healthcare providers will first perform a physical examination. Imaging tests are then conducted to confirm the diagnosis and check for any associated injuries, such as fractures. X-rays are typically used to show the exact position of the dislocated bones, and a CT scan may be ordered to further assess for fractures or other damage.
Treatment for a hip dislocation typically involves a “reduction.” This procedure is usually performed under sedation or general anesthesia to manage pain and relax muscles. If closed reduction is unsuccessful, or if there are significant associated fractures or instability, surgical intervention may be necessary. Following reduction, additional X-rays or CT scans confirm proper alignment.
Recovery from a hip dislocation takes time, often between two to three months for the hip to fully heal, and longer if other injuries are present. Initially, hip movement may be limited, and walking aids like crutches might be necessary for several weeks. Physical therapy is an important part of rehabilitation, focusing on regaining range of motion and strengthening the muscles around the hip.