Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin infection, often raising questions about its transmission and classification as a sexually transmitted disease (STD). This article clarifies its nature, spread, and STD classification.
Understanding Molluscum Contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum, caused by a poxvirus (MCV), leads to small, firm, dome-shaped bumps on the skin, often with a central dimple. These lesions can vary from white or pink to flesh-toned.
The bumps can appear on any part of the body, including the face, neck, arms, legs, abdomen, and genital area. While sometimes itchy or inflamed, molluscum contagiosum is a benign condition that often resolves on its own.
How it Spreads
Molluscum contagiosum is highly contagious, spreading primarily through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Close physical contact is a significant route of transmission, especially among children. The virus can also spread indirectly through contaminated objects like towels, clothing, toys, or shared sports equipment.
The virus enters the body through small skin breaks or hair follicles. It can spread to other body areas through self-inoculation, such as by scratching or shaving existing bumps. In adults, sexual contact is a transmission method, especially when lesions are in the genital area.
Is Molluscum Contagiosum Considered an STD?
Molluscum contagiosum’s STD classification is often discussed. While transmissible through sexual contact, especially in adults, it is not exclusively an STD. Many adult infections occur sexually, with bumps developing on or around the genitals, lower abdomen, or inner thighs. When acquired sexually, molluscum is considered a sexually transmitted infection.
The virus also spreads through non-sexual skin-to-skin contact and contaminated objects, particularly among children. This dual transmission distinguishes it from infections almost exclusively spread sexually, like gonorrhea or syphilis. Thus, it is more accurately described as a common skin infection that can be sexually transmitted, rather than solely an STD. This distinction influences diagnosis, partner notification, and potential STD stigma.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Diagnosis involves a visual examination by a healthcare provider, as bumps have a distinct appearance. If uncertain, a skin biopsy may confirm the virus. Most cases resolve on their own without medical intervention, often within 6 to 12 months, though they can persist for several years.
Treatment is not always necessary but may be pursued for cosmetic reasons, to prevent spread, or if lesions are bothersome or widespread. Options include physical removal methods like cryotherapy (freezing), curettage (scraping), or laser therapy. Topical medications that irritate sores, such as cantharidin or berdazimer gel, can also be prescribed.
Preventing spread involves avoiding direct contact with bumps and not sharing personal items like towels, clothing, or razors. Good hygiene, like frequent hand washing, is important. Covering lesions with clothing or bandages can help prevent transmission and self-spread. For sexually active individuals, avoiding sexual contact until lesions are treated can reduce sexual transmission risk.