A mole, medically known as a nevus, is a common skin growth that forms when pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) grow in clusters. Most people develop many moles during childhood and adolescence, and most are harmless. A procedure is performed if a mole changes in appearance, is suspected of being cancerous, or if removal is desired for cosmetic reasons. The classification of mole removal as “surgery” depends entirely on the technique used and how deep the removal extends into the skin layers.
How Moles Are Removed
One of the least invasive methods is the shave excision, which is typically used for moles that are raised above the skin surface. The medical professional uses a small, sharp instrument, often a specialized razor blade, to slice the mole away flush with the surrounding skin. This method is quick and generally results in a flat wound that heals without requiring any stitches.
A second technique is the punch biopsy, which involves a circular tool that works similarly to a miniature cookie cutter. This device is pressed down and rotated to remove a cylindrical core of tissue, sampling the mole through all layers of the skin. Because this method goes deeper than a shave, the small resulting wound often needs one or two sutures to close.
The most comprehensive method is surgical or full excision, which is necessary for moles that are large, deep, or highly suspicious for malignancy. A scalpel is used to cut out the entire mole, along with a small margin of healthy tissue surrounding it and extending down into the subcutaneous fat. This deep removal always requires the wound to be closed with multiple stitches, resulting in a linear scar.
Medical Classification of Removal Techniques
The way a mole is removed determines its medical designation, which has implications for insurance coverage and practitioner training. Shave excision is classified as a minor procedure because it is minimally invasive and does not penetrate deep into the dermis or require suturing. This technique can often be performed by various healthcare professionals, including physician assistants or nurse practitioners.
Both the punch biopsy and the full surgical excision are classified as minor surgery or outpatient surgery. This designation is given because they involve a deep incision into the skin, penetrating below the dermis layer, and require sutures to close the wound. The need for deep tissue penetration and suturing legally distinguishes these procedures from simple office procedures. This classification reflects the complexity of the technique and the need for a physician, often a dermatologist or surgeon, to perform the procedure.
Preparation and Aftercare
Regardless of the removal technique, the process begins with the injection of a local anesthetic directly into the area around the mole. This numbing agent, often lidocaine, ensures the patient feels no pain during the procedure, though they may experience a brief stinging sensation during the injection. Patients do not need to fast or alter their routine significantly beforehand, as the procedure is performed on an outpatient basis.
The primary focus of aftercare is keeping the wound clean, moist, and protected to promote healing and minimize infection risk. The wound should be gently washed daily with mild soap and water, followed by applying a thin layer of petroleum jelly or a prescribed ointment before a fresh bandage. If surgical excision was performed, the clinician will need to remove the stitches, typically within one to three weeks. Scarring is an expected part of the healing process, and its appearance relates directly to the depth of the removal.