Mineral spirits are a solvent, a substance that dissolves other materials. They are a clear, petroleum-derived liquid, common in households and industries. It is used for thinning and cleaning. Mineral spirits are distinguished from other types of “spirits,” such as distilled beverages or turpentine, by their origin and chemical makeup.
Understanding What Makes a Solvent
A solvent is a substance that dissolves another substance, known as a solute, to form a uniform mixture called a solution. The primary function of a solvent is to break down the solute’s molecular bonds or intermolecular forces, allowing it to disperse evenly throughout the liquid. This process does not involve a chemical reaction; the solute can often be recovered in its original state if the solvent evaporates.
Solvents operate on the principle of “like dissolves like.” Polar solvents, such as water, dissolve polar compounds like salts and sugars. Conversely, nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar substances like oils, greases, and waxes. Mineral spirits are nonpolar, making them effective for cleaning and thinning tasks.
Mineral Spirits Composition and Action
Mineral spirits are a petroleum distillate, composed primarily of aliphatic hydrocarbons. These organic compounds consist of hydrogen and carbon atoms, often in chains or rings. Composition varies, typically C7 to C12 hydrocarbons.
The effectiveness of mineral spirits as a solvent stems from their nonpolar molecular structure. When applied to substances like oil-based paints or greases, the nonpolar molecules in mineral spirits interact with and disrupt the intermolecular forces holding the paint or grease molecules together. This action allows the paint or grease to disperse and mix with the mineral spirits, effectively dissolving it.
Mineral spirits have useful physical properties. They are clear, colorless liquids with low volatility, evaporating slowly. Their slow evaporation allows more time for the solvent to work, beneficial for thinning paints or cleaning surfaces. Compared to turpentine, they often have a milder odor, especially “odorless” varieties.
Everyday Uses of Mineral Spirits
Mineral spirits have many practical uses. A common use is thinning oil-based paints, varnishes, and lacquers for smoother application.
They also clean various materials. They clean paint brushes and rollers after oil-based paint use, extending tool life. Their degreasing capabilities clean tools, machine parts, and automotive components by dissolving grease and grime.
Mineral spirits remove adhesive residues, like those from stickers or gum on non-porous surfaces. They clean wood surfaces, removing dust, dirt, grease, and scuff marks, and sometimes adding luster. Wipe away any solvent residue with a clean cloth afterward.
Safe Handling and Storage Practices
Use mineral spirits with adequate ventilation to minimize vapor inhalation, which can cause respiratory irritation, dizziness, or headaches. Work in a well-ventilated area, such as outdoors or with open windows. For limited ventilation, wear a fitted respirator approved for organic solvent vapors.
Wear personal protective equipment to prevent direct contact. Chemical-resistant gloves, such as nitrile, protect hands from skin irritation or chemical burns. Safety goggles or a face shield shield eyes from splashes. Long sleeves and pants reduce skin exposure.
Mineral spirits are flammable; keep them away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Store them in tightly sealed, labeled containers in a cool, dry place, away from ignition sources. Approved flammable liquid containers, like safety cans, further isolate them from hazards.
Dispose of mineral spirits properly to protect the environment. Do not pour them down drains or dispose of with regular trash, as they are hazardous waste. Small amounts can be evaporated outdoors in a well-ventilated area, mixed with absorbent material like cat litter, and then disposed of with household trash once dry. For larger quantities or soaked rags, take them to a local household hazardous waste collection program.