The strong, distinct odor accompanying a brand-new memory foam product is a common concern for consumers. This “new mattress smell” is caused by off-gassing, the release of airborne chemicals as residual compounds used in production evaporate into the air. Understanding the source of this phenomenon is the first step in evaluating whether the smell poses any risk.
The Chemical Source of Off-Gassing
Memory foam is a type of polyurethane foam, a polymer created through a complex chemical reaction. The characteristic odor is caused by the slow release of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which are residual byproducts from this manufacturing process. VOCs are organic chemicals with a high vapor pressure, meaning they easily become gases at typical room temperature.
These compounds are trace elements trapped within the foam structure, not intentionally added for the smell. Specific VOCs identified can include toluene, benzene, formaldehyde, and naphthalene. Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI), a primary manufacturing component, may also be present in trace amounts.
When the memory foam is unboxed, these trapped compounds begin to off-gas into the environment. The odor is highest immediately after unwrapping and generally dissipates rapidly as the product airs out. The presence of these chemicals, recognized as irritants at high industrial concentrations, prompts the question of toxicity.
Evaluating Acute and Chronic Health Risks
The primary concern is the immediate health effect from the initial, strong odor. Acute exposure to VOCs released during the first days of off-gassing can cause temporary irritation. Symptoms may include headaches, nausea, dizziness, or irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.
These short-term reactions are limited to the period of highest emission and generally resolve once the product has aired out. Individuals who are chemically sensitive or have pre-existing conditions like asthma may experience a more pronounced response.
Regarding chronic risks, regulatory bodies consider the low levels of VOCs emitted by modern memory foam products safe for most consumers. Although some raw components are classified as potential carcinogens at high industrial levels, the trace amounts released in a home environment are significantly lower. The concentration of VOCs drops dramatically within the first few days and weeks, reducing potential for prolonged exposure.
Understanding Safety Standards and Certifications
Consumers can minimize chemical exposure by looking for third-party certifications. The most common standard for polyurethane foam is CertiPUR-US, which focuses on the content and emissions of the foam itself. This certification guarantees the foam is made without ozone depleters, heavy metals, formaldehyde, and certain regulated phthalates. CertiPUR-US certified foams must also demonstrate low VOC emissions, with a maximum limit of 0.5 parts per million (ppm) for total VOCs.
Another, more rigorous certification is GREENGUARD Gold, which tests emissions from the finished product, not just the foam component. GREENGUARD Gold requires products to meet stricter chemical emission limits, testing for over 360 different VOCs and pollutants. Products with this designation are suitable for use in environments like schools and healthcare facilities. These certifications offer a reliable, independent measure of a product’s commitment to low chemical emissions.
Steps to Reduce Odor and VOC Exposure
The most effective way to eliminate the new product smell is to allow the memory foam to fully off-gas before bringing it into a bedroom. Upon unboxing, leave the product in a well-ventilated area, such as a garage or a room with open windows, for at least 24 to 72 hours. This allows the highest concentration of VOCs to dissipate safely outside the main living area.
Maximizing airflow is beneficial; using a box fan directed toward an open window can accelerate the off-gassing process. For products aired out indoors, an air purifier with an activated charcoal filter can help capture airborne chemical compounds. These steps provide an immediate way to reduce the initial exposure, though the concentration of VOCs typically drops to negligible levels within the first month.