Mastic gum is a natural resin that comes from the Pistacia lentiscus tree, a shrub grown primarily on the Greek island of Chios in the Mediterranean. This unique substance is secreted from the tree as a liquid, which then dries into brittle, translucent pieces often referred to as “tears of Chios.” The practice of chewing this resin for oral hygiene is ancient, with historical records indicating its use for freshening breath and cleansing teeth for thousands of years. This long history of use has prompted modern scientific inquiry into its specific effects on teeth and gums.
How Mastic Gum Fights Harmful Oral Bacteria
The ability of mastic gum to support oral health stems from its complex chemical composition, which includes various bioactive compounds. The resin contains numerous triterpenoids and volatile compounds, such as alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and linalool, which are responsible for its antimicrobial action. These components work directly to inhibit the growth of specific microorganisms found in the mouth.
One of the most significant actions is its effect on Streptococcus mutans, the primary bacterium responsible for initiating tooth decay. Studies have shown that chewing mastic gum can significantly reduce the concentration of S. mutans in saliva. The mechanism involves disrupting the bacteria’s cell membranes, preventing them from adhering to the tooth surface and forming the harmful biofilm known as dental plaque.
This antibacterial effect is not limited to immediate contact; research indicates that the reduction in Streptococcus mutans levels can be sustained long after the gum is chewed. This suggests a lasting impact on the balance of the oral microbiome.
Impact on Plaque Formation and Gum Health
The reduction in harmful bacterial load directly translates into measurable improvements in dental plaque and gum condition. Dental plaque is a sticky biofilm composed of bacteria and their byproducts, and its accumulation is the direct cause of both tooth decay and gingivitis. Clinical trials have demonstrated that regular chewing of mastic gum can significantly reduce the rate of plaque accumulation compared to a placebo gum.
This anti-plaque effect is both chemical, due to the antibacterial compounds, and physical, resulting from the mechanical action of chewing. The chewing motion stimulates the flow of saliva, which helps rinse away food particles and neutralize the acid produced by bacteria. Because mastic gum is harder and requires more force to chew than conventional gum, the sustained mechanical action provides a gentle scrubbing effect that aids in the removal of newly forming plaque from tooth surfaces.
Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory properties found in mastic gum’s triterpenes extend its benefits to gum health. In studies, the use of mastic gum has been associated with a reduction in the gingival index, a measure of gum inflammation and bleeding. This suggests a supporting role in managing gingivitis, the early stage of gum disease, by addressing the underlying bacterial and inflammatory components.
Practical Use and Safety Considerations
Mastic gum is available in several forms, including the raw resin “tears,” powdered capsules, and as an ingredient in specialized chewing gums and mouthwashes. For direct oral health benefits, chewing the raw resin or a mastic-infused gum is the most common method. Recommended durations for chewing typically range from 15 to 30 minutes, two to three times a day, to maximize the release of active compounds and the mechanical cleansing action.
While generally well-tolerated, there are a few safety considerations to keep in mind. Some individuals may experience mild digestive upset, such as nausea or constipation, especially when consuming larger quantities or when first starting use. Those with allergies to other plants in the Pistacia family, such as pistachios, should exercise caution as a cross-reaction is possible.
There is limited data on the long-term safety of mastic gum, with most clinical studies lasting only a few weeks to months. Due to this lack of extensive research, it is recommended that children, pregnant individuals, and breastfeeding individuals avoid using mastic gum as a therapeutic agent. Consulting with a healthcare provider is always advisable, particularly for individuals with pre-existing conditions or those taking other medications.