Lyme disease is a condition transmitted by infected ticks. While often associated with the northeastern United States, understanding its prevalence and how to mitigate risks in Florida is important for residents and visitors. This article provides information on Lyme disease occurrence, recognition, and prevention in the state.
Lyme Disease Prevalence in Florida
Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted primarily through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis). These ticks are found throughout Florida in humid forests and dense vegetation. Despite the vector’s presence, reported rates of human infection acquired within Florida are lower than in the Northeast and Midwest United States. Annually, about 15 to 20 cases are reported from exposure within Florida.
Many cases reported in Florida are acquired when individuals travel to areas where the disease is more common, sometimes leading to the term “Snowbird’s disease.” While official reports indicate a small number of cases, some organizations suggest Lyme disease in Florida may be under-reported. Florida residents also face a higher risk from other tick-borne illnesses like ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which are more frequently reported within the state.
Understanding Lyme Disease
Lyme disease develops from infection with the Borrelia burgdorferi bacterium, transmitted through the bite of an infected black-legged tick. For transmission, the tick usually needs to be attached for over 24 hours. Early signs, appearing 3 to 30 days after a bite, often include a characteristic “bull’s-eye” rash (erythema migrans), which occurs in most infected individuals. This rash expands gradually and may feel warm but is rarely itchy or painful.
Early symptoms often resemble the flu, including fever, chills, headache, fatigue, and muscle and joint aches. If untreated, the infection can progress to serious health concerns affecting various body systems. Later-stage symptoms, emerging weeks, months, or even years after the initial bite, can involve severe joint pain and swelling, particularly in the knees. Neurological issues like facial palsy or nerve pain, and heart problems such as irregular heartbeats, can also develop.
Preventing Lyme Disease in Florida
Preventing tick bites is the most effective way to avoid Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses. When outdoors, especially in wooded or grassy areas, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, tucking pants into socks. Light-colored clothing makes it easier to spot ticks. Apply EPA-registered insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or IR3535 to exposed skin. Permethrin-treated clothing can also be used, but do not apply this chemical directly to skin.
After returning indoors, perform a thorough tick check on yourself, children, and pets. Ticks often hide in areas like the scalp, behind the ears, under arms, in the navel, and in skin folds. Showering within a few hours of outdoor activity can help wash off unattached ticks. Regularly checking pets for ticks and discussing prevention products with a veterinarian can also reduce the risk of ticks entering the home.
What to Do If You Suspect Lyme Disease
If you discover a tick attached to your skin, prompt and proper removal is key. Use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin’s surface as possible. Pull upward with steady, even pressure, avoiding twisting or jerking the tick, which can cause parts to break off. After removal, thoroughly clean the bite area and your hands with rubbing alcohol or soap and water. Do not use methods like petroleum jelly, heat, or nail polish, as these can irritate the tick and potentially increase disease transmission.
Monitor the bite area and your health for several weeks following a tick bite. Seek medical attention if you develop symptoms consistent with Lyme disease, such as a rash, fever, headache, or body aches. Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment are important for recovery and preventing the infection from spreading. While a single dose of antibiotics may be considered in high-risk situations, a healthcare provider will determine the appropriate course of action.