Laryngitis is an inflammation of the voice box, also known as the larynx. It occurs when vocal cords, two folds of mucous membrane covering muscle and cartilage, become swollen or irritated. Inflamed vocal cords disrupt normal smooth movement and vibration, leading to voice changes like hoarseness, a raspy sound, or complete voice loss. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a respiratory illness ranging from mild to severe. It spreads through respiratory droplets released when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes.
Laryngitis as a COVID-19 Symptom
Laryngitis can be a symptom of COVID-19, though less discussed than cough or fever. The SARS-CoV-2 virus can affect the upper respiratory tract, including the larynx, leading to vocal cord inflammation. While not common with initial variants, laryngitis became more prevalent with the Omicron variant, often affecting the upper airways.
COVID-19 can cause laryngitis through several mechanisms. The virus can directly impact laryngeal cells, leading to inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords. The general inflammatory response to the infection throughout the respiratory tract can contribute to vocal cord swelling. Post-nasal drip, often associated with upper respiratory infections, can irritate the vocal cords, contributing to laryngitis. A persistent cough, a common COVID-19 symptom, can strain inflamed vocal cords, worsening hoarseness.
COVID-related laryngitis typically presents as hoarseness, a raspy voice, or difficulty speaking, sometimes leading to complete voice loss. Individuals may also experience a sore throat, an urge to clear their throat, or a persistent cough alongside voice changes. While laryngitis usually resolves within one to two weeks, it can persist longer in some cases and become a symptom of Long COVID. A 2023 review found that approximately 25% of COVID-19 patients experienced voice impairment, with about 70% of those having long-lasting voice symptoms.
Common Causes of Laryngitis
Laryngitis can arise from various factors beyond COVID-19. Viral infections, such as those causing the common cold or flu, are frequent causes. Bacterial infections can cause laryngitis, though this is less common.
Vocal strain is another cause, often from voice overuse (e.g., yelling, loud singing, prolonged speaking). Acid reflux (GERD) can irritate the vocal cords if stomach acid reaches the throat. Allergies can contribute to symptoms. Exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke, chemical fumes, or excessive alcohol can inflame vocal cords. Chronic sinusitis or certain fungal infections may also cause persistent laryngitis.
Home Management for Laryngitis
Managing laryngitis at home involves steps to soothe vocal cords and reduce irritation. Resting the voice is a primary recommendation, meaning minimal speaking, avoiding shouting or whispering, as whispering can strain vocal cords more than normal speech. Hydration is important; drinking plenty of fluids like water, herbal teas, or clear broths helps keep the throat moist and thins mucus. Avoid beverages containing caffeine and alcohol, as they can lead to dehydration.
Using a humidifier or inhaling steam from a hot shower adds moisture to the air, soothing vocal cords. Gargling with warm salt water provides temporary relief for a sore throat. Sucking on lozenges can moisten the throat and alleviate discomfort. Avoiding irritants like smoke, spicy foods, or excessive throat clearing prevents vocal cord aggravation.
Seeking Medical Attention
While most laryngitis cases resolve with home care, some signs warrant medical attention. Consult a healthcare provider if symptoms persist for more than one to two weeks. Seek immediate medical help if severe symptoms develop, such as severe breathing difficulty or shortness of breath.
Other concerning symptoms include a high fever that does not subside, increasing pain, or difficulty swallowing. Emergency medical care is necessary if there is coughing up blood or bluish discoloration of the lips or face. If laryngitis occurs alongside other symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19, such as fever, persistent cough, body aches, or known exposure to the virus, consider COVID-19 testing to determine the cause.