Krill oil is a supplement derived from tiny, shrimp-like crustaceans found in the Antarctic Ocean, primarily valued for its high content of Omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by poor blood glucose regulation, either because the body does not produce enough insulin (Type 1) or because it cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (Type 2). Given the metabolic disturbances and high rate of associated complications in diabetes, researchers have investigated whether krill oil can offer specific benefits. This article examines the scientific evidence regarding krill oil’s utility for managing symptoms, improving glucose control, and mitigating the associated cardiovascular risks faced by those with diabetes.
The Key Components of Krill Oil
Krill oil is distinguished from traditional fish oil by the unique composition of its components. It contains the Omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, known for their anti-inflammatory properties. A significant portion of these fatty acids are attached to phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine, rather than triglycerides as in fish oil. This phospholipid structure is thought to enhance the bioavailability of the Omega-3s, potentially leading to better absorption. Krill oil also naturally contains astaxanthin, a powerful carotenoid that acts as an antioxidant, which helps protect the oil from oxidation and contributes to its biological effects.
Impact on Blood Sugar Control and Insulin Sensitivity
The effects of krill oil on direct markers of glucose metabolism in humans with diabetes remain an area of focused research. Some studies on individuals with Type 2 diabetes found that krill oil supplementation led to a reduction in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) scores after a four-week period. A lower HOMA-IR score suggests an improvement in insulin sensitivity. This short-term improvement was also associated with a reduction in C-peptide levels.
However, a separate study involving overweight, but otherwise healthy, men unexpectedly reported that krill oil was associated with a decrease in insulin sensitivity, highlighting the complexity of its metabolic effects. Another trial noted that krill oil supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in subjects with elevated, pre-diabetic glucose readings. While these findings suggest a potential role in glucose management, the evidence is not universally consistent, and the effect on long-term markers like HbA1c requires more extensive investigation.
Addressing Associated Heart and Inflammation Risks
People with diabetes face an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, making the anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulating effects of krill oil relevant. Krill oil has been consistently shown to benefit the lipid profile, most notably by lowering circulating triglyceride levels. Studies in diabetic patients have demonstrated that krill oil significantly increases levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Higher HDL levels are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.
Beyond lipid changes, krill oil positively influences the function of the endothelium, the inner lining of blood vessels, which is often impaired in diabetes. A trial showed improved endothelial function after krill oil use, reducing a major cardiovascular risk factor. The astaxanthin and Omega-3 components also mitigate chronic systemic inflammation, a driver of diabetic complications, by reducing markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). This action supports krill oil’s potential for mitigating secondary risks in the diabetic population.
Safety and Medication Interactions for Diabetics
Individuals with diabetes must be aware of potential side effects and drug interactions before beginning krill oil supplementation. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal, including stomach upset, bloating, diarrhea, and a fishy aftertaste. Krill oil can slow down blood clotting, a property shared with other Omega-3 supplements. This may increase the risk of bruising or bleeding, especially when taken alongside blood-thinning medications such as warfarin or antiplatelet drugs.
The interaction with blood sugar-lowering medications, including insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs, is important for diabetics. Krill oil may have a modest effect on reducing blood glucose levels, and combining it with diabetes medication could lead to an excessive drop in blood sugar, resulting in hypoglycemia. Close monitoring of blood glucose is necessary when starting krill oil. A healthcare provider may need to adjust the dosage of prescribed diabetes medications, so consulting a physician is imperative.