Kerosene is a petroleum-based liquid used for fuel for heating and lighting. This clear, low-viscosity substance is a powerful solvent. Its effectiveness as a solvent stems from its specific chemical makeup, which allows it to interact with and break down certain types of compounds. Understanding kerosene’s properties helps clarify its role in cleaning and other applications.
Kerosene’s Chemical Properties
Kerosene functions as a solvent due to its unique chemical composition. It is primarily a mixture of hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms. These hydrocarbon molecules typically contain between 6 and 20 carbon atoms, with a significant portion having 9 to 16 carbon atoms. This structure makes kerosene a non-polar substance.
The principle of “like dissolves like” explains why kerosene acts as an effective solvent for certain materials. This characteristic allows kerosene to readily dissolve oils, greases, waxes, and other petroleum products, which are also non-polar. It does not mix with water, which is a polar substance, making them immiscible liquids.
Everyday Applications
Kerosene’s solvent properties make it useful for dissolving stubborn, non-polar substances. It is often employed for cleaning greasy tools and machinery parts, effectively breaking down accumulated oil and grime. Mechanics frequently use kerosene as an effective degreaser for engine components like fuel injectors and carburetors.
Beyond mechanical cleaning, kerosene can also remove tar and asphalt stains from surfaces. It is capable of dissolving certain types of oil-based paints and varnishes, making it a suitable cleaner for brushes and spills involving these materials. Additionally, it finds use in cleaning bicycle and motorcycle chains to remove old lubricant oil before re-lubrication.
Safe Usage Practices
Handling kerosene requires careful attention to safety due to its flammable nature and health risks. Kerosene is a combustible liquid with a flash point above 38°C (100°F), meaning it can form explosive vapor-air mixtures when heated. Therefore, it is important to keep it away from heat, sparks, and open flames, and to ensure no smoking in its vicinity.
Adequate ventilation is necessary when using kerosene to avoid inhaling its fumes, which can cause irritation, dizziness, headaches, and respiratory issues. Direct skin or eye contact should be avoided, as it can lead to irritation, dryness, or redness; protective gloves and eyewear are recommended. Ingestion is dangerous and may cause chemical pneumonia if it enters the lungs.
Proper storage involves keeping kerosene in clearly labeled, sealed containers, ideally made of metal or high-density polyethylene (HDPE), away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Environmentally responsible disposal is also important; it should never be poured down drains or onto the ground, but rather taken to a household hazardous waste facility.
When Kerosene Isn’t the Right Choice
Despite its effectiveness, kerosene has limitations and is not suitable for all cleaning tasks. It is ineffective at dissolving water-based substances, such as latex paints or water-soluble glues, because of its non-polar nature. Kerosene can also damage or soften certain materials, including many plastics, rubber, and some synthetic fabrics, making it an unsuitable choice for cleaning these surfaces.
Using kerosene on delicate finishes or near open flames poses significant risks due to its flammability and potential for material degradation. For tasks where kerosene is unsuitable or poses too great a risk, alternative solvents or cleaning agents may be more appropriate. Options like mineral spirits, which are less flammable, or plant-based solvents, such as citrus-based cleaners, offer safer and more environmentally friendly solutions.