Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) is a native woodland plant recognized for its unique hooded bloom and bright red berries. Every part of the plant—including the leaves, roots, and berries—is toxic and should never be consumed. The plant’s roots, or corms, contain the highest concentration of the dangerous compounds. This inherent toxicity poses a risk to curious children and household pets who might be drawn to its appearance.
The Specific Toxin and Mechanism of Injury
The toxicity of Jack-in-the-Pulpit is caused by insoluble calcium oxalate crystals, known scientifically as raphides. These crystals are extremely sharp, microscopic, needle-like structures bundled within specialized plant cells. When the plant is chewed or crushed, these cells rupture, forcefully ejecting the sharp raphides. This mechanism of injury is primarily mechanical and immediate, rather than systemic poisoning that relies on chemical absorption. The crystals physically pierce the soft, sensitive tissues of the mouth, tongue, throat, and digestive tract, causing intense, immediate pain and irritation. This trauma acts as a defense mechanism and usually prevents the ingestion of a significant quantity of the plant.
Symptoms Following Ingestion or Contact
The immediate effect of chewing or ingesting any part of the plant is a powerful, burning sensation in the mouth and throat. This initial irritation quickly leads to the swelling of the lips, tongue, and pharynx, often accompanied by the formation of blisters inside the mouth. Ingesting the plant causes excessive drooling, difficulty swallowing, and a hoarse voice as the tissues react to the crystal penetration. Gastrointestinal symptoms follow, which can include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Although the poisoning is rarely fatal, the swelling can become severe enough to interfere with normal speaking, swallowing, and, in rare instances, breathing.
Emergency Response and Medical Care
The first step following a confirmed or suspected ingestion is to remove any remaining plant material from the mouth and rinse the area thoroughly. For human exposure, immediately contact the national Poison Help hotline at 1-800-222-1222. For pets, contact a veterinarian or a pet poison helpline immediately. If the affected person is conscious, they should be given milk to drink, as the calcium in the milk can help neutralize the oxalate crystals and soothe the burning sensation. Seek emergency medical attention right away if there is any sign of severe swelling that obstructs breathing or causes a dramatic change in voice. Treatment is generally supportive and focused on managing the intense pain and swelling.
Safe Gardening Practices
Gardeners should take precautions to prevent accidental exposure, particularly from vulnerable groups. This woodland plant is best grown in shaded, moist areas, mimicking its native habitat. Planting the corms and seeds in inaccessible areas reduces the risk of children or pets encountering the toxic parts. It is wise to wear gloves when handling the plant during planting, pruning, or dividing to prevent skin irritation. Never dispose of trimmings or corms where they could be accessed by curious animals, as the plant material remains toxic even when cut. Teaching children never to touch or ingest unfamiliar plants found in the garden or wilderness is the most important preventive measure.