A sneeze, formally known as sternutation, is a powerful, semi-autonomous reflex that acts as the body’s primary defense mechanism for clearing the nasal passages. This sudden expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth is typically triggered by irritants like dust, pollen, or foreign particles. People often feel compelled to suppress this reflex in quiet social settings or out of a desire to minimize the spread of germs. The urge to halt the reflex mid-action redirects a surprising amount of physiological force internally.
Techniques for Suppressing a Sneeze
It is possible to interrupt the initial signal before the full sneeze reflex takes over, but this requires immediate action as soon as the tingling sensation begins. One common method involves applying firm, upward pressure to the philtrum, the vertical groove between the base of the nose and the upper lip. Using a finger to press hard in this spot can sometimes override the neurological signal that initiates the sneeze sequence.
Another technique focuses on stimulating a different nerve pathway to distract the brain from the impending reflex. You can try pressing the tip of your tongue forcefully against the roof of your mouth, specifically behind the two front teeth. This intense pressure needs to be sustained for several seconds until the initial urge to sneeze begins to dissipate. These techniques are only effective if attempted before the body has fully committed to the explosive exhalation.
The Physical Dangers of Holding It In
Suppressing a sneeze by pinching the nose shut or clamping the mouth closed is highly discouraged because it traps and redirects the immense pressure generated in the chest and respiratory system. A typical, unrestrained sneeze can propel air at speeds approaching 100 miles per hour, and blocking this escape route can increase the internal pressure by five to 24 times. This rapid redirection of high-velocity air can lead to several specific physical injuries.
One of the most common risks is a ruptured eardrum, which occurs when the pressurized air is forced up through the Eustachian tubes connecting the throat to the middle ear. The sudden, intense pressure can tear the delicate tympanic membrane, potentially causing temporary hearing loss or dizziness. In rare but documented cases, the high internal pressure has caused a small tear in the soft tissue of the throat, an injury known as pharyngeal perforation. This happens when the air, unable to escape through the nose or mouth, is forced into the neck tissue.
Other infrequent injuries include fractured ribs, especially in older adults, or the rupture of small blood vessels (capillaries) in the eyes, which results in visible red spots. The most concerning, though extremely rare, complication is the possibility of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm due to the sudden spike in cranial pressure, particularly in individuals with pre-existing conditions. Forcing the air inward can also push bacteria-laden mucus into the sinuses or middle ear, potentially leading to an infection.
Safe and Recommended Alternatives
Since forcefully stifling a sneeze carries clear risks due to the immense internal pressure, the safest approach is to allow the reflex to occur while minimizing germ transmission. The universally accepted protocol is to cover the nose and mouth completely with a disposable tissue. This action effectively traps the expelled moisture droplets and irritants, preventing them from entering the surrounding air.
If a tissue is not immediately available, the next best alternative is to sneeze directly into the crook of your elbow or your upper sleeve. By directing the sneeze into the arm, you prevent the contamination of your hands, which are frequently used to touch surfaces and other people. Following any sneeze, it is important to immediately dispose of the tissue and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water to maintain respiratory hygiene.