A spray tan involves applying a bronzing solution to the skin for a temporary sun-kissed appearance. This method serves as an alternative to ultraviolet (UV) light exposure from the sun or tanning beds. The primary concern for expectant mothers considering this treatment is the potential for chemical exposure, either through the skin or via inhalation, that could affect the developing fetus. Understanding the safety profile of the ingredients is important for making informed choices during pregnancy. This analysis focuses on the science behind the tanning process and the potential risks associated with the application method.
Dihydroxyacetone and Skin Interaction
The main active ingredient in nearly all sunless tanning solutions is Dihydroxyacetone (DHA). This colorless simple sugar, often derived from sources like sugar cane or sugar beets, is the component responsible for the browning effect on the skin. The tanning process is a surface-level chemical reaction, not an absorption of color into the body.
DHA reacts with the free amino acids found in the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of dead skin cells. This non-enzymatic reaction, known as the Maillard reaction, creates pigmented polymers called melanoidins. Since these melanoidins are formed only on the skin’s surface, the tan lasts until the dead skin cells naturally shed, typically five to seven days. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved DHA as a color additive for use in topical cosmetic products.
Analyzing Systemic and Respiratory Risks
The primary concern regarding systemic absorption is whether DHA can penetrate the skin barrier and enter the bloodstream, potentially reaching the fetus. Laboratory models and research reviews suggest that when DHA is applied to the skin, absorption into the bloodstream is minimal, often estimated at less than 1%. Because the reaction is confined to the dead outer layer of the skin, systemic exposure is considered negligible.
A more substantial safety concern arises with respiratory exposure due to the fine mist characteristic of a spray tan application. The FDA has not approved the use of DHA as an all-over spray because comprehensive safety data regarding the inhalation of the chemical is lacking. When the solution is aerosolized, fine particles may be inhaled into the lungs or contact mucous membranes like the eyes, lips, and nasal passages. Inhaling the mist may allow for greater systemic absorption of DHA compared to simple topical application.
Other ingredients in the tanning solution, such as preservatives, fragrances, and bronzers, may also be present in the mist. The lack of data on inhaled DHA is the main reason for caution from health organizations. Exposure to airborne particles in the lungs is a more direct route into the body than through intact skin.
Professional Guidance and Minimizing Exposure
Given the minimal risk of skin absorption versus the unknown risks of inhalation, professional guidance centers on avoiding the respiratory exposure pathway. Medical professionals often advise caution, particularly during the first trimester when fetal development is most rapid. The decision to proceed with a spray tan should involve a discussion with a healthcare provider.
For those who choose to receive a spray tan, several practical steps can minimize exposure to the mist. Ensure the application area has excellent ventilation to reduce the concentration of airborne spray particles. During the application, wearing nose plugs, a face mask, or holding the breath can limit the amount of mist inhaled.
Protecting all mucous membranes is highly recommended. This includes wearing protective eyewear, closing the mouth, and applying a thick balm to the lips and inside the nostrils. A safer alternative that eliminates the inhalation risk entirely is using DHA-containing lotions, creams, or mousses applied by hand. These topical products allow for precise application, ensuring the solution only contacts the skin.