An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped form of contraception inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. It offers a long-term, reversible method of preventing pregnancy, lasting for several years depending on the type. IUDs are considered highly effective, providing over 99% protection against pregnancy.
Conceiving After IUD Removal
For most individuals, fertility returns quickly after IUD removal, often within the first few menstrual cycles. A study found that over 94% of women conceived after IUD removal for planned pregnancy, with the majority (55.9%) conceiving within the first three months.
There are two main types of IUDs: hormonal and non-hormonal (copper). Hormonal IUDs, such as Mirena or Skyla, release progestin hormones that primarily thicken cervical mucus to block sperm and may also thin the uterine lining or suppress ovulation. Once a hormonal IUD is removed, these hormonal effects cease, and the body’s natural cycle resumes within about a month, allowing for potential conception in the first cycle.
Copper IUDs, like Paragard, prevent pregnancy by releasing copper ions into the uterus, which creates an environment toxic to sperm and interferes with fertilization. Since copper IUDs do not use hormones, they do not affect the natural menstrual cycle or ovulation. Therefore, fertility can return immediately after a copper IUD is removed.
Factors That Influence Conception
While IUD removal leads to a swift return of fertility, other individual factors can influence the time it takes to conceive. A person’s age is a determinant, as female fertility naturally declines with increasing age, particularly after 35, due to a decrease in both the quantity and quality of eggs. Male fertility may also decline with age, but to a lesser degree.
Pre-existing fertility conditions can also affect conception. These may include conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, or blocked fallopian tubes. Such underlying issues can complicate the path to pregnancy.
General health and lifestyle factors also play a role. Maintaining a healthy weight is beneficial, as being either overweight or underweight can disrupt ovulation and menstrual regularity. Lifestyle habits such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and high caffeine intake can negatively impact fertility in both partners. Chronic stress can also influence reproductive health, but managing stress may support conception.
When to Seek Medical Advice
If conception does not occur as quickly as desired after IUD removal, consulting a healthcare provider for guidance is recommended. For individuals under 35, it is recommended to seek medical advice if pregnancy has not occurred after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse.
For individuals aged 35 or older, it is advisable to consult a doctor sooner, after six months of trying to conceive. This earlier consultation is recommended because fertility naturally declines more rapidly in this age group. A healthcare provider can evaluate for other potential causes of fertility challenges, such as irregular menstrual cycles, a history of certain pelvic infections, or other underlying medical conditions, for both partners.