Sleepwalking, medically known as somnambulism, is a sleep disorder where individuals perform activities typically associated with wakefulness while remaining mostly asleep. This phenomenon often prompts concern, leading many to question whether it is dangerous to awaken someone experiencing such an episode.
Understanding Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking is classified as a parasomnia, an abnormal behavior occurring during sleep. It arises from an incomplete arousal during the deepest stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, specifically stage 3, also known as slow-wave sleep. This deep sleep phase predominates in the first few hours after falling asleep, which leads to episodes typically occurring early in the night.
During an episode, individuals might exhibit behaviors ranging from simple actions like sitting up or walking around a room to complex activities such as getting dressed, eating, or even leaving the house. Despite having open, glassy eyes, the sleepwalker is not consciously aware of their actions and usually has no memory of the event upon waking.
Addressing the Danger Question
A widespread misconception suggests that waking a sleepwalker can cause severe harm, such as a heart attack, brain damage, or inducing violent behavior. These beliefs are unfounded; waking a sleepwalker does not pose a direct physical threat to their brain or heart.
The primary “danger” in waking a sleepwalker is the potential for disorientation, confusion, and fright. An abrupt awakening can startle the individual, leading to temporary distress, a racing heart, or a confused state. In some instances, this disorientation might cause them to react with agitation or, rarely, aggression if they feel threatened. The most significant risk is physical injury from falls or bumping into objects while disoriented, especially in unfamiliar or hazardous environments.
Safe Approaches to Sleepwalking
When encountering a sleepwalker, prioritize their physical safety rather than attempting to wake them abruptly. If possible, gently guide them back to bed without fully waking them. A calm voice and a light touch can often help redirect them.
Also ensure the sleepwalker’s immediate environment is safe. This involves removing obstacles, securing windows and doors to prevent wandering, and installing safety gates on stairs. Storing dangerous items like sharp objects or medications out of reach can further prevent accidental injury. Minimize potential harm to the sleepwalker or others until the episode naturally subsides.
When to Seek Medical Advice
While occasional sleepwalking, especially in children, is often not a serious concern and may resolve on its own, medical advice is advisable in certain circumstances. Consult a healthcare provider if episodes occur frequently (e.g., more than once or twice a week, or multiple times a night). Also seek medical help if sleepwalking leads to injuries, involves unusual or dangerous behaviors like driving, or causes significant distress or daytime fatigue.
If sleepwalking begins for the first time in adulthood or persists into the teen years, it warrants medical evaluation. In adults, sleepwalking can be associated with underlying medical conditions, including sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, neurological disorders, or mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. It can also be a side effect of certain medications. A medical professional can assess the situation, rule out other conditions, and discuss appropriate management strategies.