A vaginal yeast infection, medically known as vulvovaginal candidiasis, is a common fungal infection affecting the vagina and vulva. It occurs when there is an overgrowth of Candida, a type of yeast naturally present in the body. While Candida typically coexists harmlessly with other microorganisms, certain conditions can disrupt this balance, leading to an infection.
The Hormonal Link to Yeast Infections
It is common for yeast infections to occur before a menstrual period, linked to natural hormone fluctuations. As the menstrual cycle progresses, particularly during the luteal phase, estrogen levels typically drop. This decrease in estrogen can alter the vaginal environment, making it more susceptible to yeast overgrowth.
Estrogen plays a role in maintaining the vaginal flora by promoting the production of glycogen, which feeds protective bacteria like lactobacilli. When estrogen levels decline, the amount of glycogen also decreases, leading to fewer lactobacilli. This shift can disrupt the vagina’s naturally acidic pH, allowing Candida to multiply more easily. The hormonal changes before a period can create a less hospitable environment for beneficial bacteria and a more favorable one for yeast, increasing the likelihood of an infection.
Recognizing the Signs of a Yeast Infection
Identifying the signs of a yeast infection involves observing changes in the vaginal area and discharge. A common symptom is intense itching and irritation in and around the vagina, often accompanied by a burning sensation, especially during urination or sexual intercourse. The vulva may also appear red and swollen.
A characteristic sign is a thick, white vaginal discharge that often resembles cottage cheese, usually with little to no odor. Severe infections can lead to small cuts, cracks, or sores in the vaginal wall due to pronounced redness and swelling.
Managing and Preventing Pre-Period Yeast Infections
Managing a pre-period yeast infection often involves over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal treatments. These are available in various forms, including creams, ointments, tablets, or suppositories, such as miconazole or clotrimazole. These treatments typically come in 1-day, 3-day, or 7-day regimens, and it is important to complete the full course even if symptoms improve quickly to ensure the infection is fully cleared. For more severe or recurrent infections, a healthcare provider might prescribe stronger oral antifungal medication like fluconazole or other vaginal treatments such as terconazole.
Preventative measures can help reduce the likelihood of recurrent pre-period yeast infections. Wearing breathable underwear made from natural fibers like cotton can help keep the vaginal area dry and reduce moisture, which yeast thrives in. Avoiding harsh soaps, douches, and scented feminine products is also advised, as these can disrupt the natural vaginal pH and bacterial balance. Incorporating probiotics through foods like yogurt with live cultures or supplements may help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina. If yeast infections are consistently occurring before menstruation, consulting a healthcare provider for a personalized prevention strategy, which might include medication taken before your period, is recommended.