A sunburn is an inflammatory reaction caused by DNA damage from overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This damage primarily affects the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, causing redness, warmth, and pain. The persistent itching sensation results from the body’s inflammatory response, where immune cells release chemicals like histamines that activate nerve endings. While the urge to scratch is strong, doing so is detrimental to the skin and prevents natural healing.
Why Scratching Sunburned Skin Causes Damage
Scratching severely compromises the skin’s natural barrier, the epidermis, which is already weakened by UV damage. Scratching creates microscopic tears or open wounds, directly exposing underlying layers of skin. This action significantly increases the risk of a secondary bacterial infection, as bacteria and microbes from the skin or fingernails can easily enter these breaks.
If scratching damages the dermis, it can lead to long-term cosmetic issues. Aggressive scratching disrupts the healing process and may result in permanent scarring or changes in skin texture. Significant inflammation or injury can also trigger post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, causing a temporary or lasting darkening of the injured area.
Safe Ways to Relieve Sunburn Itch
To manage the intense itching without causing further damage, focus on cooling and soothing the inflamed tissue. Applying cool compresses or taking a short, cool shower can immediately reduce the skin temperature and calm the inflamed nerve endings. It is important to gently pat the skin dry afterward and leave a small amount of moisture on the surface.
Topical treatments can further alleviate discomfort by targeting inflammation and dryness. Gels containing pure aloe vera are recommended for their anti-inflammatory and cooling properties, but ensure the product does not contain alcohol, fragrances, or numbing agents like benzocaine or lidocaine, which can irritate the skin. Applying a thin layer of over-the-counter 1% hydrocortisone cream can also help reduce localized inflammation and itching.
A lukewarm bath infused with colloidal oatmeal provides relief due to the oatmeal’s anti-inflammatory properties. When moisturizing, use light, unscented, and oil-free lotions or creams to avoid trapping heat within the skin. Products containing heavy oils, such as petroleum jelly, can insulate heat and make the burn feel worse.
Supporting the Skin’s Healing Process
The body’s natural response to UV damage involves the self-destruction of damaged cells, which is why the skin eventually peels. Peeling is the shedding of dead skin cells from the epidermis to allow new, healthy cells to grow underneath. Although the temptation to manually peel loose skin is strong, this should be avoided completely.
Manually peeling or exfoliating exposes delicate, unhealed skin before it is ready, prolonging recovery time and increasing infection risk. To support healing, stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water, as sunburn draws fluid to the skin’s surface, causing dehydration. Protect the skin from further UV exposure by wearing loose-fitting clothing and staying out of the sun. If blistering covers a large area, or if symptoms include a high fever, chills, or signs of infection like pus or excessive swelling, seek medical attention immediately.