It is common for one testicle to appear larger than the other, often causing concern. While this can signal an underlying medical issue, a slight size difference is frequently a normal anatomical variation. Knowing typical characteristics and when to seek medical attention can help guide appropriate action.
Natural Variation
The human body rarely exhibits perfect symmetry, and this applies to testicles. It is common for one testicle to be slightly larger or to hang lower than the other. This natural asymmetry is often more noticeable with the left testicle, which typically hangs lower due to its longer spermatic cord and vascular anatomy. A normal size difference can be subtle, often benign, and does not indicate a health problem.
Underlying Medical Conditions
While minor differences are normal, a sudden change in testicle size can signal a medical condition. A hydrocele involves fluid collection around the testicle within the scrotum, causing swelling. This swelling is often painless, though a large hydrocele might lead to discomfort or heaviness.
A varicocele occurs when veins within the scrotum become enlarged, similar to varicose veins in legs. Varicoceles most commonly develop on the left side and can sometimes feel like a “bag of worms.” They often cause no symptoms but might result in a dull ache, heaviness, or affect testicle size.
Inflammation can also lead to size discrepancies. Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube behind the testicle, often caused by bacterial infections. Symptoms include pain, tenderness, and swelling, making the affected testicle appear larger. Similarly, orchitis is an inflammation of the testicle itself, commonly due to bacterial or viral infections like mumps. This condition can cause pain, swelling, and tenderness in one or both testicles.
A more urgent concern is testicular torsion, a medical emergency where the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply. This causes sudden, severe pain, rapid swelling, and can make the affected testicle appear higher in the scrotum. Finally, a change in testicle size or a lump could indicate testicular cancer. This often presents as a painless lump, increased firmness, or a general change in the testicle’s shape or texture.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
It is important to seek medical attention if you notice any concerning changes in your testicles. Consult a healthcare professional promptly for sudden, severe scrotal pain, especially if accompanied by swelling, nausea, or vomiting. These can be signs of testicular torsion, a condition requiring immediate treatment to prevent permanent damage.
Other signs that warrant a doctor’s visit include any new lumps or growths on or in a testicle, a rapid change in its size or shape, or increased firmness. Persistent pain, tenderness, redness, warmth, or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum should also be evaluated. Additionally, symptoms such as fever, penile discharge, or painful urination, when combined with testicular changes, necessitate medical assessment. Regular self-examinations can help individuals become familiar with what is normal for their body, making it easier to detect any concerning changes early.