The confusion between “garter snake” and “garden snake” stems from the animal’s frequent presence in suburban landscapes and the similar sound of the words. The correct term is “garter snake,” referring to the approximately 35 species in the genus Thamnophis. These small to medium-sized snakes are harmless to humans and are among the most widely distributed reptiles across North America.
The Correct Name and Its Origin
The scientifically recognized name for this group of snakes is the genus Thamnophis, which is Greek in origin, translating to “bush snake.” The common name, “garter snake,” comes from its distinctive striped pattern. Historically, this pattern was thought to resemble the garters, or bands, that were once worn by men to hold up their stockings. The specific name for the common garter snake, sirtalis, is derived from the New Latin word for “like a garter,” cementing this association.
The misnomer “garden snake” is likely a simple mistake resulting from the snake’s preferred habitat and the ease of confusing the two words. These reptiles are frequently found in gardens, backyards, and other areas of human habitation due to the availability of food and cover. The prevalence of the snake in these outdoor spaces naturally leads some to incorrectly label it based on its environment, though the correct term is based on a visual characteristic.
Key Physical Characteristics for Identification
Garter snakes are typically slender and agile, with most adults measuring between 18 and 51 inches (46 to 130 cm) in total length. Their body color is highly variable, ranging from black, brown, or olive, often with a checkered pattern of dark spots between the stripes. The most distinguishing feature is the presence of longitudinal stripes that run the entire length of the body.
Most individuals have three light-colored stripes—one running down the center of the back and one on each side of the body. The color of these stripes is variable and can be yellow, white, blue, or red, depending on the specific species and geographic region. Their scales are keeled, meaning each scale has a raised ridge along its length, giving the snake a slightly rougher texture. The head is usually slightly wider than the neck, and they possess large, round eyes.
Common Habitats and Temperament
Species within the genus Thamnophis are native to North and Central America, demonstrating a remarkable ability to adapt to a wide variety of environments. They can be found in habitats ranging from forests and meadows to marshes and wetlands. They are particularly successful in suburban and urban areas, including parks and gardens, because these locations often provide sufficient cover and abundant food sources.
The reason they are often found in gardens is that these areas offer moisture and a steady supply of their preferred small prey. Their diet consists primarily of earthworms, slugs, amphibians, and small fish, which are all commonly found in moist, vegetated environments.
When disturbed, garter snakes generally rely on two main defense mechanisms: they will often flee to safety or, if handled, they will discharge a foul-smelling, musky secretion from a gland near the base of their tail. Garter snakes are non-venomous and pose no threat to humans or pets.
Although some species possess a mild neurotoxin in their saliva that helps subdue small prey, it is not considered dangerous to people and is only delivered in a defensive bite. They are generally timid and will avoid human interaction, making them a beneficial presence in the yard as natural pest controllers.