The evergreen shrub Indian Hawthorn is a popular ornamental plant, recognized for its glossy foliage and clusters of pink or white flowers. Its blue-black berries, which persist through the winter, can attract children and pets. Indian Hawthorn is considered toxic, particularly when certain parts are ingested. While the plant is not classified as highly dangerous, caution is necessary in households with curious individuals or animals.
The Chemical Basis of Toxicity
The primary toxic components of Indian Hawthorn are concentrated within the seeds and pits of the berries. These parts contain cyanogenic glycosides, specifically amygdalin. Amygdalin is not inherently toxic in its intact form, but it becomes dangerous when the seeds are chewed, crushed, or digested.
Once broken down, amygdalin interacts with digestive enzymes, releasing hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is a rapid-acting poison that interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen at the cellular level. The hard seeds, or pits, represent the greatest risk of serious toxicity if thoroughly chewed and swallowed. The fleshy fruit pulp, leaves, or flowers are far less concentrated with the toxin, though ingestion of any plant material can still lead to mild reactions.
Recognizing Symptoms of Exposure
Symptoms of Indian Hawthorn ingestion vary depending on the amount and part of the plant consumed. Ingestion of a small quantity of leaves or fruit pulp often results in mild gastrointestinal discomfort. This can manifest in humans and animals as excessive drooling, vomiting, or diarrhea, as the body attempts to expel the irritant.
If a large number of seeds are thoroughly chewed and swallowed, the resulting release of hydrogen cyanide can lead to severe systemic effects. In humans, especially small children, and in household pets like dogs and cats, this can cause a rapid onset of alarming symptoms. Signs of serious exposure include weakness, difficulty breathing, a sudden drop in blood pressure, and convulsions. A unique sign of cyanide poisoning is the appearance of bright red mucous membranes, which occurs due to the cells’ inability to utilize oxygen.
Immediate Action and Emergency Contacts
If you suspect a child has ingested any part of the Indian Hawthorn, contact the Poison Control Center immediately. They can provide expert guidance on whether the amount ingested requires emergency medical attention. For pets, call your veterinarian or the Pet Poison Helpline.
Secure the individual or animal and remove any remaining plant material from their mouth. Do not attempt to induce vomiting unless specifically instructed to do so by a medical or veterinary professional. Preventative measures, such as supervising young children around the shrub and clearing fallen berries from areas accessible to pets, can significantly reduce the risk of accidental exposure.