Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral infection that frequently affects infants and young children. This illness typically causes a characteristic rash on the hands and feet, along with sores in the mouth. While often mild, it can lead to uncomfortable symptoms. The infection is caused by viruses belonging to the enterovirus family.
Adult Susceptibility to HFMD
Adults can contract Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, though it is more commonly recognized in children, particularly those under five. Its rapid spread in environments where young children gather, such as daycares and schools, contributes to the perception that it is solely a childhood illness.
Once exposed to a specific strain of the virus, individuals typically develop immunity to that particular strain. However, multiple viruses, such as Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71, can cause HFMD, meaning previous exposure to one strain does not protect against infection from others. New strains also emerge, allowing for reinfection even if prior immunity was developed.
Symptoms and Course in Adults
The symptoms of HFMD in adults are similar to those in children, but they can often be more pronounced. Initial symptoms may include a fever, sore throat, reduced appetite, and a general feeling of being unwell, which can last for a day or two. Following this, painful sores can develop in the mouth and throat, often appearing as small red spots that may blister and become ulcers. These mouth sores can make eating and drinking difficult.
A rash typically appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, which can also extend to the buttocks, elbows, knees, or genitals. This rash may consist of flat red spots or raised blisters, which can be itchy or painful. While most adults recover within 7 to 10 days, the rash on the feet can sometimes persist for several weeks. Rarely, complications such as dehydration from painful swallowing, or neurological issues like viral meningitis or encephalitis, can occur.
Transmission and Preventive Measures
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is highly contagious and spreads through direct contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids. The viruses are found in nasal and throat secretions, saliva, fluid from blisters, and stool. Transmission occurs when these fluids are shared through close personal contact, respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes, or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching one’s eyes, nose, or mouth.
An infected person is most contagious during the first week of illness, even before symptoms fully appear. However, the virus can continue to shed in stool for several weeks after symptoms resolve. To prevent spread, frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after changing diapers or using the restroom. Avoiding close contact, such as hugging or sharing utensils, with sick individuals can reduce transmission. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces and objects is also effective.
Managing HFMD in Adults
There is no specific antiviral treatment for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease; management focuses on relieving symptoms. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help manage fever and body aches. For painful mouth sores, using numbing mouthwashes or sprays can provide relief, and consuming cool fluids and soft, non-acidic foods can help maintain hydration and reduce discomfort. Adequate rest supports the body’s recovery process.
Adults should seek medical attention if their symptoms are severe, include a very high fever, or show signs of dehydration such as decreased urination or excessive fatigue. Neurological symptoms like a stiff neck, severe headache, confusion, or unusual movements also warrant immediate medical evaluation. If symptoms do not improve within 7 to 10 days, consulting a healthcare provider is recommended. To prevent further spread, individuals with HFMD should isolate themselves from work or social activities until their fever has resolved and blisters have healed.