Heather (Calluna vulgaris and Erica species) is widely regarded as a deer-resistant plant, often remaining untouched even in gardens with high deer activity. While deer may occasionally sample the foliage, they typically pass it over for more palatable options. It is important to understand that this designation is not a guarantee, as no plant is completely deer-proof, especially when animals are facing food scarcity. Heather is generally considered a safe choice for landscapes prone to browsing.
The Factors Contributing to Deer Resistance
The physical and chemical composition of heather is responsible for its low appeal to deer. The foliage is small, tough, and needle-like, offering a coarse texture that is undesirable to large herbivores. This structure makes the plant harder to chew and digest compared to softer landscape plants.
Chemical Deterrents
Beyond the physical texture, heather contains chemical compounds that act as internal deterrents. These include phenolic compounds such as tannins, known for their astringent, bitter taste. When a deer attempts to browse, these compounds create a puckering sensation, signaling low palatability and discouraging further consumption. Both Calluna vulgaris and Erica species share this combination of tough foliage and bitter compounds.
Identifying Deer Browsing Damage
If you notice damage to your heather, correctly identifying the culprit is necessary before implementing deterrents. Deer lack upper incisors, so they cannot make clean, precise cuts when feeding. When deer browse, they tear and pull the vegetation, leaving a ragged, shredded, or torn edge on the remaining stem or twig.
Damage caused by smaller animals like rabbits or rodents, in contrast, shows a clean, 45-degree angle slice on the stem, often with visible tooth marks. Deer damage typically occurs from the ground up to about six feet high. Finding hoof prints or pellet-like droppings nearby can also confirm the presence of deer.
Methods to Deter Hungry Deer
While heather is resistant, high deer populations or harsh environmental conditions (such as deep snow or drought) can lead deer to browse on less desirable plants. In these situations, physical and chemical deterrents provide necessary protection.
Physical Barriers
The most reliable long-term solution for large areas is a physical barrier, such as a sturdy fence at least eight feet tall. Deer are reluctant to jump over tall obstructions when they cannot see the landing area. For individual plants or smaller garden beds, temporary netting or wire cages can be placed over the heather, especially during winter when food is scarce.
Chemical Repellents
Chemical repellents work by taste or smell and offer another layer of protection. These commercially available sprays often contain ingredients like putrefied egg solids, garlic, or capsaicin (hot pepper). It is important to rotate the type of repellent used to prevent deer from becoming habituated to a single scent or taste. Applying repellents before deer establish a feeding pattern, and reapplying after heavy rain or new growth appears, is necessary for effectiveness.
Companion Planting
Companion planting with highly fragrant herbs like lavender, rosemary, or chives can also help. These plants mask the scent of other species, creating a natural deterrent border around more vulnerable plants.