Group A Streptococcus (GAS), commonly known as strep throat, is a bacterial infection affecting the throat and tonsils. While anyone can contract strep throat, pregnant individuals are not inherently more susceptible. However, addressing strep throat during pregnancy is important due to potential implications for both the pregnant individual and the developing baby.
Potential Risks During Pregnancy
Strep throat is not typically considered dangerous for pregnant individuals when diagnosed and treated promptly. Untreated infections, however, can lead to more serious complications. One such complication is acute rheumatic fever, a severe inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, brain, and skin. Other possible, though rare, complications include peritonsillar abscesses or kidney inflammation.
The risk to the baby from strep throat is generally low, as Group A Streptococcus rarely causes birth complications. It is important to distinguish Group A Strep from Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a different type of bacteria found in the vaginal or rectal area that may pass to the baby during childbirth. While GBS is routinely screened for in late pregnancy due to potential risks to the newborn, Group A Strep does not typically pose this same direct transmission risk. A fever, which can accompany strep throat, warrants attention, particularly in the first trimester, as a severe fever could potentially affect fetal development.
Recognizing Symptoms and Diagnosis
Symptoms of strep throat in pregnant individuals are generally similar to those experienced by non-pregnant adults. Common indicators include a sudden sore throat, often with difficulty swallowing, fever, red and swollen tonsils (possibly with white patches or pus), and tiny red spots on the roof of the mouth. Swollen neck lymph nodes, headaches, nausea, or vomiting can also occur.
Cough, runny nose, or nasal congestion are typically associated with viral infections like the common cold and are not common symptoms of strep throat. Self-diagnosis is insufficient during pregnancy, and medical confirmation is necessary. A healthcare provider can diagnose strep throat through a rapid strep test or a throat culture, which involves swabbing the back of the throat.
Treatment Options
Antibiotics are the standard and necessary treatment for strep throat, even during pregnancy, to prevent complications for both the pregnant individual and the baby. Penicillin or amoxicillin are typically the first-choice antibiotics due to their effectiveness and safety profile. These medications are classified as pregnancy category B, meaning animal studies have not shown harm to the fetus, though human studies are limited.
For individuals with a penicillin allergy, alternative antibiotics such as cephalexin or clindamycin may be prescribed, depending on the severity of the allergy. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor, even if symptoms improve quickly. This ensures the complete eradication of the bacteria and helps prevent potential complications. Supportive care measures, such as gargling with warm salt water and staying well-hydrated, can also help relieve symptoms.
Prevention and When to Seek Medical Attention
Preventing strep throat involves practicing good hygiene, similar to preventing other respiratory infections. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water is effective, especially after being in public places or before eating. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals and refraining from sharing eating utensils or drinks can also help reduce transmission risk.
If a pregnant individual suspects they have strep throat, it is important to contact a healthcare provider promptly. Symptoms like a sudden, severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, or white patches on the tonsils warrant medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for minimizing any potential risks and ensuring a healthy outcome for both the pregnant individual and the baby.