Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness primarily affecting young children but also occurring in adults. It is caused by coxsackievirus, an enterovirus. While HFMD is generally considered a mild and self-limiting condition, it is natural for pregnant individuals to have concerns about its potential effects during pregnancy. Serious complications from HFMD during pregnancy are generally rare.
Understanding Maternal Symptoms
Hand, foot, and mouth disease typically presents with mild symptoms in pregnant individuals, similar to those in non-pregnant adults. Initial signs often include a fever, a sore throat, and a general feeling of being unwell. These symptoms usually appear a few days after exposure to the virus.
Following these initial symptoms, characteristic mouth ulcers may develop on the tongue, gums, and inside the cheeks, which can be painful. A distinctive rash of spots or blisters may also appear on the hands and feet, and sometimes on the buttocks, groin, or other areas. The spots can be pink, red, or darker, often turning into fluid-filled blisters.
Potential Effects on the Fetus or Newborn
When HFMD occurs during early pregnancy, there is no clear evidence of an increased risk of severe outcomes like miscarriage or congenital anomalies. Research indicates a very low likelihood of such complications, and medical professionals agree HFMD does not significantly threaten fetal development in early gestation.
The primary concern arises if a pregnant individual contracts HFMD shortly before delivery. In these instances, the virus can transmit to the newborn. While a maternal fever near delivery could impact fetal well-being, this is uncommon with HFMD.
Newborns who contract HFMD usually experience a mild form of the illness. However, in rare cases, severe complications can arise. These rare but serious outcomes may include extensive organ infection or neurological conditions like encephalitis or viral meningitis.
Guidance for Pregnant Individuals
Pregnant individuals who develop symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease or have known exposure should consult their healthcare provider. While there is no specific antiviral treatment for HFMD, supportive care can help manage symptoms. This includes taking acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and pain relief.
Maintaining adequate hydration is important, especially if painful mouth sores make eating or drinking difficult. Cool fluids, popsicles, and soft foods can alleviate discomfort and prevent dehydration. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided.
Preventive measures reduce the risk of contracting HFMD. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water is recommended, especially after changing diapers or coming into contact with individuals who are sick. Avoiding close contact with infected persons and regularly disinfecting contaminated surfaces and objects also helps prevent spread.