Glycolic acid (GA) is a widely used Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA) derived from sugarcane. It is valued for its ability to exfoliate the skin and promote a smoother, more radiant complexion. GA works by dissolving the “glue” that holds dead skin cells onto the surface of the skin, accelerating the natural cell turnover process. Many individuals rely on topical products containing AHAs to address concerns like fine lines, acne, and hyperpigmentation. For new mothers, the uncertainty surrounding topical treatments during lactation prompts a closer look at GA’s safety.
How Glycolic Acid Interacts with the Skin
Glycolic acid has the smallest molecular weight of all the AHAs, a property that allows it to penetrate the skin’s surface layer, the epidermis, more efficiently than its counterparts. Once applied, GA acts as a chemical exfoliant by weakening the bonds between the cells of the outermost layer, which facilitates the shedding of dead skin. This mechanism of action is largely confined to the skin’s surface, resulting in improved texture and tone.
Despite its ability to penetrate the outer layers of the skin, the amount of glycolic acid that reaches the systemic circulation, or bloodstream, from topical application is minimal. Studies show that only a very small percentage, around 3.1%, of topically applied GA penetrates the skin, and any absorbed amount is rapidly metabolized by the body. This limited systemic exposure is a key factor in assessing the risk of transfer into breast milk, as substances must enter the bloodstream in significant amounts to pose a concern for the nursing infant.
The Safety Consensus During Breastfeeding
The medical and pharmacological consensus is that using standard cosmetic concentrations of glycolic acid while breastfeeding is generally considered low-risk. This safety determination is based on the minimal systemic absorption demonstrated after topical use. Because so little of the acid enters the mother’s bloodstream, the amount that might transfer into breast milk is considered negligible and clinically insignificant.
While there are no extensive clinical studies specifically tracking glycolic acid transfer into human breast milk, its poor passage into plasma from the skin suggests a very low likelihood of risk to the infant. Glycolic acid is also a natural organic acid and a normal byproduct of cellular metabolism, meaning it is already present in the body. For over-the-counter products, which typically contain concentrations of 10% or less, the safety profile is considered very low risk. However, for high-concentration professional chemical peels, which can range from 20% to 70%, nursing mothers should consult with a dermatologist or obstetrician before proceeding.
Practical Skincare Guidance and Alternatives
It is advisable to stick to over-the-counter formulations, which generally have a concentration of 10% or less and a pH greater than 3.5. Care should be taken to avoid applying the product directly to the chest or breast area to prevent accidental contact with the infant’s skin or potential ingestion during feeding. Washing hands thoroughly after applying any glycolic acid product is a simple but effective hygiene step to prevent transfer.
For those seeking alternatives with comparable exfoliating effects, other ingredients may be considered. Lactic acid, another AHA, offers similar benefits but has a slightly larger molecular size, which results in shallower penetration and potentially less irritation. Azelaic acid is another option, often recommended for addressing acne and hyperpigmentation, with a well-regarded safety profile during lactation.