Glitter is a decorative material consisting of tiny, flat, reflective particles that create a sparkling effect. These particles are used across various industries, from arts and crafts to cosmetics and food decoration. Whether glitter poses a toxicity risk depends almost entirely on its specific material composition and intended use. While generally chemically inert, the physical characteristics of the particles, especially their sharp edges, can present immediate hazards upon exposure.
Understanding Glitter’s Composition
Conventional craft glitter is primarily a microplastic manufactured from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, which is coated with aluminum for reflection and colorants for hue. The manufacturing process involves cutting the film into thousands of tiny shapes, such as hexagons or squares. These cuts result in sharp, microscopic edges on the particles, a physical characteristic that contributes significantly to potential harm. Alternative materials, such as mica and plant-based cellulose films, have emerged to address both safety and environmental concerns.
Ocular Hazards and Eye Safety
The most common and immediate health risk from glitter involves accidental eye exposure. The sharp edges of traditional craft glitter can easily scratch the delicate surface of the eye, causing a corneal abrasion. Even cosmetic-grade glitter, though often cut into rounded shapes, can cause irritation if it enters the eye. Symptoms of a corneal abrasion include severe pain, excessive tearing, light sensitivity, and a gritty feeling. If glitter lodges under the eyelid, it can repeatedly abrade the cornea, potentially leading to a corneal ulcer if infection occurs.
If glitter enters the eye, gently flush the eye using clean water or a sterile saline solution. Avoid rubbing the eye, as this action can worsen the damage by embedding the particles further. Do not attempt to remove an embedded particle with tweezers or cotton swabs. Seek prompt medical attention if pain persists or vision is affected. Healthcare professionals may prescribe antibiotic drops or ointments to prevent infection while the abrasion heals.
Ingestion Concerns and Digestive Safety
Concerns about glitter ingestion are common, especially regarding children or food decorations. The safety of swallowed glitter depends entirely on whether the product is labeled “non-toxic” craft glitter or certified “edible” glitter. Non-toxic craft glitter is not chemically poisonous and is generally inert, meaning it will pass through the digestive system without breaking down. However, it is not intended for consumption.
True edible glitter is made specifically to be consumed and is formulated from substances safe for the digestive tract, such as sugar, gum arabic, cornstarch, or mica-based pigments. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only permits the use of approved color additives, like FD&C colors, in these edible decorations. The FDA explicitly advises against using non-edible decorative products, like plastic craft glitter, on food items, even if the label claims they are “non-toxic.” The primary risk of consuming non-edible glitter is from non-approved colorants that may leach out.
Regulatory Distinctions and Safer Alternatives
The regulatory status of glitter varies significantly depending on its application. Craft and industrial glitter, not intended for use on the body, faces minimal regulation regarding composition and particle shape. Cosmetic glitter is subject to stricter safety standards enforced by bodies like the FDA and the European Medicines Agency. Cosmetic-grade products must use FDA-approved color additives and be manufactured under sanitary conditions to prevent contamination. Cosmetic glitter is cut into smaller, rounded shapes to minimize the risk of abrasions, and consumers should look for the “cosmetic-grade” label if using it near the eyes.
Safer alternatives are available for those seeking to reduce microplastic exposure. Plant-based glitter, often made from cellulose derived from eucalyptus trees, is certified to break down naturally in the environment. Mica-based pigment is another common alternative, providing a shimmering effect without plastic films. These alternatives address both physical hazards, by having softer edges, and the environmental impact of microplastic waste.