Vaginal discomfort often prompts individuals to seek information about potential causes. A frequent misconception links Gardnerella vaginalis with yeast infections. This article clarifies that distinction, providing accurate information about Gardnerella vaginalis and its association with bacterial vaginosis.
Gardnerella Vaginalis: Not a Yeast Infection
Gardnerella vaginalis is a type of bacterium, a single-celled microorganism. This distinguishes it from yeast, which are fungi and eukaryotic organisms. Yeast infections, medically known as candidiasis, are primarily caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans.
Despite some overlapping symptoms, Gardnerella vaginalis does not cause yeast infections. Its increased presence is strongly associated with bacterial vaginosis, a condition involving a shift in the vaginal microbial balance. Understanding this biological difference is fundamental to comprehending vaginal health and infection types.
Understanding Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection characterized by an imbalance in the natural vaginal flora. A healthy vagina typically maintains a diverse community of microorganisms, predominantly beneficial Lactobacillus species. These bacteria produce lactic acid, contributing to a naturally acidic vaginal environment that helps deter the growth of harmful microbes. In BV, this delicate balance is disrupted, leading to a decrease in Lactobacillus and an overgrowth of other bacteria.
This overgrowth includes various anaerobic bacteria, with Gardnerella vaginalis being a prominent species often found in increased concentrations. The condition is highly prevalent globally, affecting an estimated 23% to 29% of women of reproductive age. BV is not considered a serious condition, but it can increase the risk of other health issues if left unaddressed.
Common Symptoms and Distinctions
Symptoms of bacterial vaginosis can vary, with approximately half of affected individuals experiencing no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they frequently include an unusual vaginal discharge that is typically thin and may appear grayish-white or greenish. A characteristic sign of BV is a strong, “fishy” odor, which often becomes more pronounced after sexual intercourse or during menstruation. Some individuals may also experience vaginal itching, burning during urination, or general vaginal irritation.
These symptoms differ from those commonly associated with a yeast infection. Yeast infections typically present with a thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge that usually lacks a strong odor. While both conditions can cause itching and discomfort, the distinctive odor and discharge consistency often help differentiate BV from a yeast infection. BV does not usually cause the significant soreness or inflammation often seen with yeast infections.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of the bacterial imbalance leading to BV is not fully understood, but certain factors can disrupt the natural vaginal environment. These factors can lead to a decrease in beneficial Lactobacillus bacteria and an increase in other bacteria, including Gardnerella vaginalis. Douching, for instance, can upset the vagina’s healthy bacterial balance and increase the risk of BV.
Sexual activity also influences the vaginal environment, making BV more common among sexually active individuals. Having new or multiple sexual partners increases the risk, although BV is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the traditional sense. Other risk factors include certain hygiene products, hormonal changes, IUDs, and antibiotic use for other infections.
Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches
Diagnosing bacterial vaginosis typically involves a healthcare professional evaluating symptoms and conducting a physical examination. The clinician may observe vaginal discharge, perform a “whiff test” for the characteristic fishy odor, and conduct vaginal pH testing (a pH of 4.5 or higher can indicate BV). Microscopic examination of vaginal fluid, or a wet mount, can identify “clue cells”—vaginal epithelial cells covered in bacteria—a strong indicator of BV.
Treatment for BV primarily involves antibiotics, available as oral medications or vaginal gels/creams. Metronidazole and clindamycin are commonly prescribed. It is important to complete the entire course of medication as prescribed to ensure the infection is fully treated. BV can recur, with about half of treated cases returning within a year. If BV recurs frequently, a healthcare provider may recommend a longer course of treatment or other strategies.