French tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus var. sativa) is a culinary herb recognized for its delicate anise-like flavor. It is an herbaceous perennial; its foliage dies back in winter, but the root system remains alive to sprout new growth the following spring. French tarragon is unique because it cannot produce viable seeds. This sterility means it must be propagated through cuttings or root division, distinguishing it from herbs grown as annuals.
The Perennial Nature of French Tarragon
French tarragon is classified as a perennial because it survives multiple growing seasons using underground structures. It is hardy across a wide range of climates, thriving in USDA Hardiness Zones 4 through 9. Its survival is linked to its rhizomatous root system, which consists of creeping underground stems that store energy.
As temperatures drop in late fall, the plant enters dormancy, and the above-ground stems and leaves turn brown and die. This dieback is a natural survival mechanism, allowing the plant to conserve energy in its roots until the soil warms again. The rhizomes remain active beneath the soil, ready to send up fresh shoots as soon as spring arrives. Since it is not grown from seed, the plant does not require cold stratification to break dormancy.
Identifying True French Tarragon
French tarragon contains the oil compound estragole, making it the desired variety for most cooks. Its leaves are characteristically narrow, dark green, and slightly twisted, growing in a bushy, open habit up to three feet tall. The flavor is strongly aromatic, featuring distinct notes of anise and licorice.
Distinguishing French tarragon from other related herbs is important, as they are often sold under the same common name. Russian tarragon (Artemisia dracunculoides) is a different subspecies grown easily from seed, but its flavor is considerably milder and often considered inferior. Mexican Mint Marigold (Tagetes lucida), sometimes called Texas tarragon, is a closer flavor substitute but belongs to a different genus and is not reliably perennial in colder climates. The most reliable way to ensure you have the true French variety is to purchase a plant started from a cutting or root division.
Cultivation and Winter Survival
To ensure French tarragon returns year after year, proper cultivation practices are necessary, focusing on root health. The plant requires well-drained soil and will not survive in heavy, waterlogged conditions, particularly during winter. French tarragon prefers full sun but can handle partial shade, especially in hotter climates.
Before the first hard frost, cut back the dead or dying foliage, though leaving some stems can offer protection to the crown. In colder regions (Zones 4 through 6), applying a thick layer of mulch over the root zone is recommended for added insulation. If grown in a container, the pot can be moved to an unheated garage or basement for overwintering, protecting the roots from severe freezing. To maintain vigor and prevent overcrowding, the clump should be divided every three to five years in early spring as new growth emerges.