Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam is a common plastic material prized for its unique combination of softness, flexibility, and excellent shock absorption. This lightweight polymer is a popular alternative to rubber and PVC across many consumer products due to its durable nature. Despite its widespread use, particularly in items intended for children, concerns have arisen regarding the potential presence of toxic chemicals. The core question remains whether manufactured EVA foam is a non-toxic option for families.
What EVA Foam Is and Where It Is Used
EVA foam is a copolymer, formed by combining ethylene and vinyl acetate monomers. The resulting material has a distinctive closed-cell structure, meaning its tiny internal air pockets are sealed off from one another. This structure gives EVA foam properties including buoyancy, insulation, and resistance to water and many chemicals. The percentage of vinyl acetate controls the material’s final flexibility and softness.
This material is widely used in footwear, particularly for the cushioned midsoles of athletic shoes. EVA foam is also found in protective sporting goods, crafting sheets, yoga blocks, and as protective flooring in the form of interlocking tiles and playmats.
The Chemical Controversy: Focusing on Past Toxins
Concerns over EVA foam toxicity stem primarily from the historical use of specific additives in the manufacturing process. The substance most frequently cited is Formamide, a chemical compound used as a solvent or a by-product of common foaming agents, such as azodicarbonamide. This foaming agent is used to expand the liquid resin into the soft, cushioned foam structure.
Formamide is classified as a reproductive toxin and a suspected carcinogen by international regulatory bodies. It is a colorless liquid that can remain trapped within the foam and slowly off-gas into the air over time, which is known as volatile organic compound (VOC) emission. This off-gassing contributes to the distinct “new mat” smell.
Countries like Belgium and France implemented restrictions on the sale of EVA foam playmats containing Formamide above specific limits in the early 2010s. Other VOCs generated during the foaming process can also cause skin and respiratory irritation.
Understanding Current Safety Standards and Consumer Guidance
The historical toxicity concerns have driven significant changes in modern manufacturing practices, especially for products sold in highly regulated markets. Many manufacturers have successfully transitioned to using alternative foaming agents or improved processes to minimize or eliminate Formamide residues. The EU and other jurisdictions now enforce strict limits on the content of Formamide in children’s foam products, which is often set at a threshold below 200 milligrams per kilogram for a product to be considered “formamide-free” by industry standards. Consumers should look for products that display certifications indicating compliance with stringent safety standards.
Safety Certifications
In the United States, this includes adherence to the ASTM F963 toy safety standard. European products often carry the CE mark and comply with the EN 71 toy safety directives. Reputable manufacturers will often volunteer testing data or explicitly state that their products are “low-Formamide” or “Formamide-free” on the packaging.
Mitigating Off-Gassing
To mitigate any residual risk from initial off-gassing, a practical consumer step is to thoroughly ventilate new EVA foam products for several days before use. Placing the item outside or in a well-aired room allows any remaining VOCs to dissipate quickly. Additionally, a simple cleaning of the surface with mild soap and water can remove any surface residue accumulated during manufacturing. Choosing products from companies that are transparent about their material testing and safety compliance offers the best assurance of safety.