Eucalyptus trees, native to Australia, are widely recognized, often associated with koalas that consume their leaves. While koalas have evolved unique digestive systems to process the plant’s compounds, the safety of eucalyptus for humans is a common concern. Understanding its potential toxicity is important, especially given its widespread use in various products.
Understanding Eucalyptus Toxicity
Eucalyptus contains 1,8-cineole, also known as eucalyptol. This compound is responsible for the characteristic scent and medicinal properties of eucalyptus, but it can be harmful to humans in concentrated amounts. Both the leaves and, more significantly, the essential oil extracted from them, contain varying concentrations of eucalyptol.
Pure eucalyptus oil is highly concentrated and poses a substantial risk if ingested directly. As little as 3.5 mL (less than one teaspoon) of pure eucalyptus oil can be fatal if swallowed. Its toxicity is due to eucalyptol’s effects on the body, which can include central nervous system depression. Even diluted forms, if used improperly, can lead to adverse effects.
Recognizing Eucalyptus Exposure Symptoms
Ingestion of concentrated eucalyptus can lead to symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Initial signs often include a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, followed by gastrointestinal upset such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. These symptoms typically appear within 30 minutes, though they may be delayed for up to four hours.
More serious effects involve the nervous system, causing dizziness, slurred speech, muscle weakness, drowsiness, and disorientation. In severe cases, particularly with larger ingestions, symptoms can escalate to seizures, profound central nervous system depression, and coma. Respiratory distress, including shallow or rapid breathing and wheezing, may also occur. Skin contact with undiluted eucalyptus oil can cause irritation, redness, and rashes.
Responding to Eucalyptus Exposure
Immediate action is important if eucalyptus poisoning is suspected. If someone has swallowed eucalyptus oil, seek prompt medical attention by calling emergency services or the national Poison Control Center hotline (1-800-222-1222). Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by a healthcare professional, as this can worsen the situation due to aspiration risk.
If the oil contacts skin or eyes, flush the affected area thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes. When contacting poison control, be prepared to provide specific details: the person’s age, weight, the product name, estimated amount swallowed, and time of exposure. Bringing the product container to the emergency room can also be helpful.
Safe Interaction with Eucalyptus
Safe interaction with eucalyptus requires understanding its potency, particularly in essential oil form. Eucalyptus essential oil should never be ingested directly or applied undiluted to the skin. For topical applications, dilute it with a carrier oil like almond, jojoba, or coconut oil; a common guideline is one to two drops of eucalyptus oil per teaspoon of carrier oil. Perform a patch test on a small skin area before widespread use to check for sensitivities.
When using eucalyptus oil for aromatherapy in a diffuser, ensure the area is well-ventilated and diffuse intermittently, such as 30 to 60 minutes on, followed by an off period. Store eucalyptus products, especially essential oils, securely out of reach of children and pets to prevent accidental ingestion. Children under 10 years should not have eucalyptus oil applied topically or diffused around them due to potential central nervous system and breathing problems.