Elderberry, scientifically known as Sambucus nigra, is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine across various cultures. Its dark purple berries and flowers have been utilized for centuries, particularly for addressing symptoms associated with colds and flu-like illnesses. This article explores the available scientific information regarding elderberry’s potential role against COVID-19, examining current evidence, safety considerations, and official health recommendations.
Elderberry’s Traditional Role
Throughout history, elderberry has held a notable place in folk medicine. Traditional practices involved using elderberry to alleviate various common ailments, such as fever, rheumatism, and respiratory discomfort. Historical texts describe its preparation as wines, jams, or syrups to help with catarrh, coughs, and colds. This long-standing reputation as a natural remedy for viral illnesses often leads people to consider its use for newer pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2.
Scientific Evidence Regarding COVID-19
The question of elderberry’s effectiveness against COVID-19 has garnered considerable interest, especially given its traditional use for other viral respiratory infections. Early in vitro (test-tube) studies showed that black elderberry extract could inhibit the replication of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, in laboratory cell models. These laboratory findings suggest that elderberry compounds might interfere with the virus’s ability to multiply within cells.
Despite promising laboratory results, human clinical trials proving elderberry’s efficacy for treating or preventing COVID-19 are limited. Initial interest during the pandemic led to some studies; however, definitive evidence has not emerged. One clinical trial, for instance, investigated elderberry liquid in individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms but found no statistical difference in wellness scores compared to a placebo group. While some research indicates elderberry may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms for influenza or the common cold when taken early, these findings do not directly translate to its effectiveness against COVID-19. The mechanisms observed in laboratory settings may not occur in the complex human body, and more comprehensive human studies are needed to confirm any direct benefits.
Safety Considerations and Potential Interactions
While elderberry is widely available, it is important to understand its safety profile. Raw or unripe elderberries, along with other parts of the elder tree, contain compounds that can produce cyanide. Consuming these improperly prepared parts can lead to adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. Fortunately, cooking ripe elderberries effectively eliminates these toxic compounds, making them safe for consumption.
Certain individuals should exercise caution or avoid elderberry products entirely. Due to insufficient research on safety, elderberry is not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding individuals. People with autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, are advised against using elderberry because it might stimulate the immune system, potentially exacerbating their condition.
Elderberry may also interact with certain medications, including diuretics, immunosuppressants, and antidiabetic drugs. Allergic reactions, though rare, can occur and may present as skin rashes, difficulty breathing, or gastrointestinal issues. Consulting a healthcare professional before using elderberry is advisable, especially for those with existing health conditions or who are taking other medications.
Official Health Guidance
Reputable health organizations have provided guidance regarding elderberry’s role in the context of COVID-19. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) do not recommend elderberry as a treatment or preventative measure for COVID-19. This stance is based on the lack of sufficient human clinical evidence to support such claims.
Regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC), have taken action against companies marketing elderberry products with unsubstantiated claims. These actions underscore the importance of relying on established medical treatments and public health guidelines. Health authorities emphasize following recommended public health measures, including vaccination, mask-wearing, social distancing, and seeking medical care for COVID-19 symptoms, rather than depending on unproven supplements.