The elderberry plant, a member of the genus Sambucus, is a favorite among gardeners for its prolific white flowers and dark, health-promoting berries. While no plant is entirely immune to being eaten by a hungry animal, elderberry possesses a strong degree of deer resistance. It is commonly categorized as “seldom severely damaged” on deer-preference scales, meaning deer will usually choose other, more palatable forage first. This makes it a popular choice in landscapes where deer presence is a concern.
Elderberry’s Palatability to Deer
Elderberry is generally avoided by deer due to the presence of specific chemical compounds found throughout the plant. The foliage, bark, stems, and unripe berries of Sambucus species contain cyanogenic glycosides, such as sambunigrin, and alkaloid compounds like sambucine. When a deer browses on the plant, these compounds impart a bitter, astringent taste that is immediately unappealing. Upon ingestion, the cyanogenic glycosides can be metabolized to release hydrogen cyanide, which is mildly toxic, causing nausea and general discomfort. Deer are highly selective browsers that rely on their sense of taste and smell to avoid plants with these deterrent qualities. The concentration of these defensive compounds makes the plant a low-preference food source for most deer populations.
Factors Increasing Browsing Risk
Although elderberry is generally unappealing, its resistance is not absolute, and certain environmental conditions can increase the risk of browsing. The primary factor that overrides a deer’s natural aversion is severe food scarcity, such as during harsh winters, prolonged droughts, or in areas with high deer density. When their preferred food sources are exhausted, deer will turn to less palatable plants like elderberry out of necessity.
The maturity of the plant also plays a role in its vulnerability. Young, newly planted saplings and tender new shoots often lack the high concentration of defensive compounds found in the mature wood and leaves. This soft, young growth is easier to chew and digest, making it a more tempting target. Browsing damage is often observed on lower branches, as mature plants can grow tall enough to put much of their foliage out of reach.
Strategies for Protecting Elderberry
For gardeners in areas with high deer pressure, proactive protection measures are necessary to ensure the establishment and survival of elderberry plants. Physical barriers provide the most reliable defense, particularly for vulnerable young plants. Temporary wire cages or tree shelters, at least four to five feet tall, can be placed around new saplings until they mature beyond the deer browse line.
The use of chemical deterrents is another viable strategy, though it requires consistent application. Commercial deer repellents work by creating an offensive odor or taste, often utilizing ingredients like putrescent egg solids or capsaicin. To remain effective, these products must be reapplied frequently, especially after heavy rain or during periods of rapid new growth. Rotating between different repellent types is often recommended because deer can quickly become accustomed to a single smell or taste.