An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on or inside an ovary. These sacs are extremely common, and most women will develop at least one during their reproductive years, often without knowing it. The vast majority of these cysts are benign and frequently disappear on their own within a few months. Most are small and harmless, only occasionally requiring intervention if they grow large or cause persistent symptoms.
The Link Between Ovarian Cysts and Bowel Changes
Diarrhea can be a symptom associated with an ovarian cyst, primarily through physical pressure. The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity, close to sections of the large intestine. When a cyst grows substantially, often exceeding 10 centimeters, it occupies space and presses directly against these adjacent organs.
This mechanical pressure interferes with the normal movement of stool, known as peristalsis. While pressure commonly leads to constipation, it can also irritate the bowel wall, resulting in diarrhea. The cyst may compress the large intestine, slowing movement, or simply irritate the intestinal lining, triggering more frequent, looser stools.
Some women also report a constant sensation of needing to pass a bowel movement due to the mass pressing on the area. This physical connection explains why a cyst can manifest with gastrointestinal symptoms. Any persistent change in bowel habits should prompt a discussion with a healthcare provider.
Common Pelvic and Abdominal Symptoms
Ovarian cysts frequently cause symptoms related to their size and position within the pelvis. Pelvic pain is common, often described as a dull ache or heavy sensation that can be intermittent or constant, usually felt on the side where the cyst is located. This discomfort may become more noticeable shortly before or after the start of a menstrual period.
Cysts can also lead to abdominal distension or a feeling of fullness. A large cyst creates a sense of heaviness or pressure that results in visible swelling of the abdomen. Pressure on the bladder is frequent, causing individuals to feel a more frequent urge to urinate or have difficulty emptying the bladder completely.
A cyst may also cause pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). Furthermore, some types of cysts can interfere with the menstrual cycle, leading to heavier or irregular bleeding.
Urgent Warning Signs and Complications
While most ovarian cysts are harmless, certain acute symptoms signal a medical emergency. The two most serious complications are ovarian torsion and cyst rupture. Ovarian torsion occurs when a large cyst causes the ovary to twist on its ligaments, cutting off its blood supply.
The symptoms of torsion include sudden, severe, and sharp abdominal or pelvic pain, often accompanied by vomiting and nausea. This is a time-sensitive issue because the lack of blood flow can cause tissue death. A cyst rupture also causes sudden, intense pain and may result in internal bleeding.
Other concerning signs warranting an immediate trip to the emergency room include a rapid heart rate, dizziness, feeling faint, or signs of shock, such as cold and clammy skin. If a person has a known cyst and experiences any of these acute, debilitating symptoms, they should seek urgent medical care.