Delphinium, commonly known as Larkspur, is a popular ornamental plant prized for its tall spikes and vibrant flowers. Despite its beauty, the plant contains toxic compounds, leading many to question the risk associated with simple contact or handling. The toxicity is highly dependent on the type and route of exposure.
Answering the “Touch” Question
For the vast majority of people, merely touching the leaves or stems of Delphinium will not result in systemic poisoning. The plant’s toxic compounds are not readily absorbed through intact skin in amounts large enough to cause serious harm. The primary risk from dermal contact is localized irritation, known as contact dermatitis, which is a minor inflammatory reaction.
This irritation might manifest as redness, itching, or a mild burning sensation, particularly for individuals with skin sensitivities or allergies. Gardeners who frequently handle the plant without gloves are the most likely to experience this mild reaction. Wearing gloves during garden work is sufficient to prevent adverse skin effects.
The True Danger: Ingestion
While touching Delphinium is a low-risk activity, ingesting any part of the plant is considered a high-risk scenario. All sections of the plant, from the roots to the flowers, contain the toxic alkaloids. However, the highest concentrations are typically found in the seeds, the young foliage, and the roots.
The severity of poisoning relates directly to the amount consumed and the body mass of the affected individual. Children and household pets are especially susceptible because their smaller size means a relatively small dose can be profoundly toxic. Livestock, particularly cattle grazing on wild larkspur species, are also frequently poisoned.
How Delphinium Alkaloids Affect the Body
The plant’s toxicity is attributed to a group of compounds called diterpenoid alkaloids, which include substances like delphinine and methyllycaconitine (MLA). These chemicals exert neurotoxic effects by interfering with signals between the nerves and muscles. Specifically, the alkaloids act as antagonists, blocking the body’s nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
By blocking these receptors, the alkaloids disrupt the transmission of nerve impulses that control muscle function. This interference leads to progressive symptoms, beginning with muscle weakness and tremors. In severe cases, the resulting muscle paralysis can lead to respiratory failure, the most common cause of death.
Immediate Steps After Exposure
If you experience mild skin irritation after handling the plant, the immediate action should be to thoroughly wash the affected area with soap and water. This simple step helps remove any residual plant sap or toxins on the skin surface. Symptoms of contact dermatitis should resolve quickly after cleaning the area.
If you suspect a child or pet has ingested any part of the Delphinium, immediate emergency action is necessary. Do not wait for symptoms to develop, as the effects can rapidly become severe. Contact a poison control center, emergency services, or a veterinarian immediately. Be prepared to provide details about the amount consumed, the time of ingestion, and any symptoms displayed.