Common Ivy (Hedera helix) is a ubiquitous plant, often used as an ornamental ground cover or climbing vine. However, this plant is toxic to both humans and pets. Toxicity manifests in two primary ways: internal exposure via ingestion and external exposure via physical contact. Understanding the specific compounds responsible for these reactions and knowing the appropriate response is important.
Understanding Ingestion Toxicity
The toxic potential of Common Ivy, particularly the leaves and berries, stems from a group of compounds called triterpenoid saponins. Hederagenin is the most well-known active principle, which irritates the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms of ivy ingestion in humans generally involve mild to moderate gastrointestinal distress. A person who has eaten parts of the plant may experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. While significant poisoning is rare, effects can be more pronounced in small children due to their lower body weight.
The Risk of Contact Dermatitis
Simply touching Common Ivy can provoke an external reaction known as contact dermatitis. The plant’s sap contains irritating polyacetylene compounds, notably falcarinol and didehydrofalcarinol, which trigger both irritant and allergic skin responses. This reaction is a type of phytodermatitis, causing skin inflammation upon contact with the leaves or stems. Symptoms include noticeable redness, intense itching, and sometimes a blistering rash. Gardeners who handle Common Ivy frequently are at higher risk of developing a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, making protective gear a necessary precaution.
Specific Dangers to Household Pets
Common Ivy is toxic to animals, including dogs, cats, and horses, due to the triterpenoid saponins concentrated in the foliage and berries. Pets are prone to chewing on plants, increasing their risk of ingesting these toxic compounds. Ingestion typically leads to clinical signs involving the digestive system. Owners should watch for excessive drooling, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. While most exposures result in mild, short-lived symptoms, severe reactions like difficulty breathing or muscle weakness have been reported in some instances. If a pet is suspected of eating the ivy, veterinary attention is recommended.
Immediate Steps for Exposure and Safe Removal
If a human or pet has ingested Common Ivy, immediate action is necessary to mitigate the effects of the toxins. For human exposure, rinse the mouth and contact a local poison control center for guidance on observation or treatment. If an animal is involved, contact a veterinarian or a pet poison helpline immediately to determine the best course of action. For skin contact, immediately wash the affected area with soap and cool water to remove the irritating sap. To safely remove Common Ivy, wear heavy-duty gloves, long sleeves, and pants to prevent sap exposure. After removal, clean contaminated tools and wash clothing separately in hot water.