Clover is a ubiquitous plant found across the globe, often seen as a simple weed in lawns and fields. Various species of clover have been recognized for centuries in traditional medicine systems for their potential health applications. The plant’s historical use suggests it may offer benefits related to hormonal balance and skin health, setting the stage for modern scientific inquiry into its chemical composition. Exploring the difference between edible varieties and those used in extracts helps determine if clover offers health advantages beyond its role as a forage crop.
Identifying the Edible and Medicinal Varieties
The question of clover’s health benefits largely depends on the specific species, with two types dominating the discussion: Red Clover and White Clover. Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) is the species most frequently used for medicinal purposes, particularly in concentrated extracts and supplements. Its purplish-pink flower heads and young leaves are also used as edible garnishes or in herbal teas.
White Clover (Trifolium repens), with its smaller white flowers, is less potent medicinally but is common in culinary applications. The young leaves can be eaten raw in salads or cooked, and the dried flowers make a pleasant tea. While White Clover has traditional uses for issues like diarrhea and skin ailments, Red Clover remains the primary focus of contemporary health research.
Key Bioactive Compounds in Clover
Clover’s potential health effects are primarily attributed to isoflavones, which are concentrated in the leaves and flowers. These isoflavones, including formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, and genistein, are structurally similar to the human hormone estrogen. They are classified as phytoestrogens, meaning they are plant-derived compounds capable of exerting estrogen-like effects by interacting with estrogen receptors.
The plant also contains beneficial components that contribute to its nutritional profile, including antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Specific micronutrients found in Red Clover include Vitamin C, calcium, chromium, magnesium, and thiamine. The concentration of these compounds can vary significantly depending on the part of the plant.
Traditional Uses and Current Health Research
Historically, Red Clover has been used for a wide array of conditions, including the treatment of skin ailments such as eczema and psoriasis, and as an expectorant for respiratory issues. It was also traditionally utilized as a general blood purifier and diuretic. While these traditional applications suggest broad health support, most modern research has focused on the isoflavones and their specific impact on hormonal changes.
The strongest scientific evidence surrounds the use of Red Clover extracts to address symptoms associated with menopause. Its phytoestrogens are believed to help mitigate the effects of declining natural estrogen levels, particularly in postmenopausal women. Studies suggest that consuming a standardized isoflavone extract (often in the range of 40 to 80 milligrams daily) may lead to a measurable reduction in the frequency and severity of hot flashes and night sweats.
Beyond vasomotor symptoms, Red Clover has been investigated for its potential role in maintaining skeletal strength. The decline in estrogen during menopause is a primary driver of bone mineral density loss and osteoporosis. Research indicates that Red Clover isoflavones may help prevent bone thinning and, in some cases, increase bone mineral density, offering a non-hormonal approach to bone health support. The extract has also been shown to improve the appearance and texture of hair and skin in postmenopausal women.
Preparation Methods and Safety Considerations
Clover can be consumed in several forms, ranging from simple teas and culinary uses to concentrated supplements. The flowers and leaves of both Red and White Clover can be steeped to make herbal tea, or the young leaves can be added raw to salads. For medicinal applications, the most common form is a standardized extract, often taken as a capsule or tincture, which guarantees a consistent dose of isoflavones.
The effectiveness of clover isoflavones depends on their bioavailability, which can be enhanced through preparation methods like lactic acid fermentation. While clover is generally well-tolerated, some individuals may experience mild side effects, including digestive upset, muscle aches, or, rarely, vaginal spotting. Due to its estrogen-like activity, using medicinal amounts of Red Clover is possibly unsafe during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Due to the plant’s phytoestrogen content, use is strongly advised against for individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions, such as a history of breast, ovarian, or uterine cancers. Clover may also interact with certain medications, including blood-thinning drugs and hormone therapies. Consulting with a healthcare provider is necessary before starting any clover supplement to ensure proper usage and avoid potential complications.