Chewing on non-food items, or mouthing behavior, is observed across various age groups, from infants exploring their surroundings to older individuals chewing on pencils or clothing. This article explores common reasons for this behavior, including typical development and sensory processing, before discussing its potential connection to autism.
Chewing in Typical Development
Mouthing and chewing are normal, expected parts of early childhood development, as infants and toddlers frequently place objects in their mouths to explore their environment. This oral exploration helps them learn about textures, shapes, and tastes of different items. This behavior also serves other developmental purposes, such as aiding in teething discomfort and supporting the development of oral motor skills. As children mature, they typically develop other ways to interact with their environment and self-regulate, leading to a natural decrease in mouthing behaviors. However, some children may continue to chew on items beyond this typical developmental period.
The Role of Sensory Processing in Chewing
Individuals may seek oral input due to sensory processing needs. Chewing provides proprioceptive input to the jaw and mouth, which can be organizing or stimulating for the nervous system. This oral sensory seeking can serve as a self-regulation tool, helping to manage stress, anxiety, or improve focus. It can also filter overwhelming sensory information or provide a focal point. This need for oral stimulation is common and observed in neurotypical individuals as well.
Chewing as a Potential Indicator in Autism
While chewing on objects occurs for various reasons, it can be observed more frequently or intensely in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In autism, chewing can be part of repetitive behaviors, often called “stimming.” Stimming serves as a self-regulatory mechanism, helping individuals with ASD cope with anxiety, manage sensory input, or provide comfort.
Sensory processing differences are common in autism, and chewing can address these needs. For example, hyposensitive individuals may require more intense oral input to feel regulated, leading to a continuous need for something in their mouth. Chewing can help regulate the sensory system or assist in recovery from overstimulation. Chewing on things is not, by itself, a definitive sign of autism. It is one possible characteristic that, if present, is usually part of a broader pattern of differences in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors.
When to Consult a Professional
Professional evaluation for chewing is warranted if it persists beyond typical developmental stages or interferes with daily life. Concerns arise if the behavior poses safety risks, such as ingesting non-food items, a condition known as pica. Pica is common in individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities, and can lead to health issues if harmful substances are consumed.
Evaluation is also suggested if chewing is accompanied by other developmental differences. These include difficulties with social communication and interaction, such as limited eye contact or challenges in understanding feelings. Other indicators can involve restricted or repetitive behaviors like hand-flapping or body rocking, strong interests in specific objects, or distress over changes in routine. A qualified healthcare provider can assess these patterns and provide a diagnosis, which is important for accessing appropriate support and interventions.