Calcium chloride is a common substance encountered in daily life. While not typically considered a rapidly deadly poison in small, accidental exposures, it can cause significant harm and irritation. The severity depends on its concentration and the exposure route.
Understanding Calcium Chloride
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is an inorganic ionic salt, appearing as an odorless, white crystalline solid, flakes, or pellets. It is highly soluble in water and notably hygroscopic, readily absorbing moisture from the air. When it dissolves, it releases heat, an exothermic process.
This compound finds widespread application. It is commonly used for de-icing roads and sidewalks, lowering water’s freezing point and aiding ice melt. Calcium chloride also serves as a desiccant, absorbing moisture in products like dehumidifiers. In the food industry, it acts as a firming agent in items like canned vegetables, cheese, and tofu, and enhances salty flavors. Furthermore, it is utilized in some medical treatments, including addressing low calcium levels.
Potential Health Effects of Exposure
Calcium chloride is classified as an irritant, causing symptoms from swelling and pain to burns upon contact. Its hygroscopic nature, drawing moisture from its surroundings, contributes to its irritating effects on human tissues. The severity of health effects depends on the substance’s concentration, duration, and route of exposure.
Ingestion
Ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal issues. Small amounts may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and excessive thirst. Larger quantities can have corrosive effects, potentially causing burns to the mouth, throat, and stomach. Rare cases of gastric necrosis have been reported following significant ingestion, likely due to the heat released when the compound dissolves. Such incidents can also lead to electrolyte imbalances, low blood pressure, rapid respiration, seizures, or a reduced heartbeat.
Skin Contact
Skin contact causes irritation, including dryness, redness, itching, and a burning sensation. If the skin is wet or exposure is prolonged, particularly with concentrated solutions, the exothermic reaction can lead to chemical burns or blistering. Repeated or extended contact may also contribute to dermatitis.
Eye Contact
Direct contact with the eyes can result in severe irritation, pain, and tearing, with a risk of corneal damage or eye burns.
Inhalation
Inhaling calcium chloride dust irritates the respiratory system. Symptoms may include coughing, a sore throat, and shortness of breath. Exposure can lead to irritation of the upper respiratory tract, and in more severe or prolonged instances, it could contribute to conditions such as bronchitis.
Safe Handling and Emergency Measures
Handling calcium chloride safely requires several precautions. When dealing with larger quantities or where dust might be generated, wear personal protective equipment, including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing or an apron. Ensuring good ventilation or using appropriate respirators minimizes the inhalation of airborne particles. Store calcium chloride in tightly sealed containers in dry conditions to prevent moisture absorption and premature reaction. When dissolving the substance, using cool water mitigates significant heat release.
First Aid Measures
In the event of accidental exposure, prompt first aid is important.
Skin Contact: Rinse the affected area thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing.
Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids; remove contact lenses if present. Seek immediate medical attention for any eye exposure or if skin irritation persists or chemical burns occur.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. If conscious and alert, give two to four cupfuls of water or milk to drink. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious individual. Immediate medical attention is necessary, particularly if a large quantity has been swallowed.
Inhalation: Move the person to fresh air. If breathing becomes difficult, administer oxygen; if breathing stops, perform artificial respiration.
In all cases of significant exposure, medical professionals should be consulted without delay.