Buckthorn is an invasive shrub or small tree that has aggressively spread across North America, displacing native plant life and altering ecosystems. The two most common species are Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus), both introduced from Europe. The question of its safety is often raised due to its prevalence, centering on whether physical contact or ingestion poses a risk to people and pets. Understanding the specific dangers associated with this plant is important for individuals who encounter it in their yards or natural areas.
Is Buckthorn Poisonous to Touch?
Buckthorn is not chemically poisonous in the way that handling poison ivy or poison oak is. The primary risks associated with touching the plant are mechanical injury and mild localized irritation. Common Buckthorn is known for its stout, sharp thorns found at the tips of its branches, which can easily cause puncture wounds.
The plant’s sap and plant matter do contain compounds called anthraquinones. While these are not generally absorbed through the skin, they can cause a mild form of contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals, not a severe allergic reaction like that caused by urushiol in poison ivy. Wearing thick gloves prevents both the physical injury from thorns and any potential chemical irritation from the inner bark’s orange sap.
Systemic Toxicity from Ingestion
The danger of buckthorn lies in the ingestion of its parts, which contain anthraquinone glycosides. These compounds are potent cathartics, historically used as a strong laxative. When consumed, the body breaks down these glycosides in the large intestine. This process irritates the lining of the colon, stimulating muscle contractions and inhibiting water absorption, resulting in a severe purgative effect.
Ingestion of the berries, bark, or leaves typically leads to intense gastrointestinal distress. Symptoms include severe vomiting, abdominal cramping, and intense diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration.
While fatal ingestion is rare, the severe symptoms can require medical attention, especially for small children or pets that consume a significant quantity. The berries, which ripen to a dark purple or black in late summer and fall, are especially attractive to children and are a common source of accidental ingestion. Unripe berries contain a higher concentration of the emodin compound and are generally more toxic than fully ripened fruit.
Key Features for Identifying Buckthorn
Common Buckthorn is characterized by its leaves, which appear in a sub-opposite or sometimes alternate arrangement, and have finely toothed edges and prominent veins that curve toward the leaf tip. The branches often terminate in a sharp, thorn-like tip.
A distinctive feature for both species is the color of the inner bark, which is a bright yellow or orange when cut. In late summer, female plants produce clusters of small, black, berry-like fruit. Glossy Buckthorn lacks the terminal thorn and has leaves that are untoothed and shiny.
Safe Handling and Removal Procedures
Removing buckthorn requires precautions. Wearing long sleeves, long pants, and closed-toe shoes is recommended to protect skin from physical contact and potential thorns. Heavy-duty leather work gloves are necessary to guard against punctures from the sharp tips of Common Buckthorn branches.
When removing plants with berries, contain the fruit to prevent seed dispersal, as these seeds contribute to the invasive spread. Small seedlings can often be pulled by hand when the soil is moist, ensuring the entire root system is removed. Cut stems and branches can be piled onsite to decay or disposed of according to local municipal yard waste regulations.
For any minor skin irritation or accidental puncture, immediately wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and running water. If the skin is broken, monitor the wound for signs of infection, such as swelling or excessive redness. The most important safety measure is preventing ingestion, especially among children and household pets.