Spray tanning offers a popular, sunless alternative for achieving a tanned appearance, applying a fine mist of solution onto the skin. The fine aerosol particles created during the process can enter the respiratory system, a route of exposure for which the product was not originally designed. This has led to serious health and safety concerns among consumers and medical professionals. This article will investigate the current scientific consensus and the official regulatory warnings surrounding the inhalation of spray tan mist.
The Role of Dihydroxyacetone (DHA)
The central ingredient in virtually all sunless tanning solutions is Dihydroxyacetone, or DHA. This molecule is a simple three-carbon sugar derivative, often obtained from sources like sugar beets or cane sugar.
DHA works by triggering a harmless chemical change on the skin’s surface. It reacts with the amino acids found in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of dead skin cells. This non-enzymatic browning process is known as the Maillard reaction. The reaction forms brown-colored pigments called melanoidins.
Since the coloration is confined to the dead skin cells, the tan gradually fades as the skin naturally exfoliates over five to ten days. The safety discussion surrounding spray tans hinges entirely on this airborne ingredient, which is only approved for external application.
Documented and Theoretical Inhalation Risks
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has only approved DHA for external application to the skin and specifically warns against inhalation, ingestion, or exposure to mucous membranes. The agency maintains that the safety data required to support the use of DHA as an all-over spray has not been provided.
Inhaling the mist can lead to immediate, short-term health effects in some individuals. Documented side effects have included respiratory irritation, coughing, dizziness, and episodes of fainting. These symptoms are likely due to the direct irritating effect of the aerosolized solution on the sensitive tissues of the respiratory tract.
The theoretical long-term risks are more concerning, as the effects of chronic exposure are not fully understood due to a lack of comprehensive studies. Repeated inhalation of DHA may increase the risk of pulmonary diseases, such as asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cell culture and animal studies found DHA could cause free radical generation and potentially damage DNA. If DHA is absorbed systemically through the lungs, it could theoretically lead to unknown health issues, though there is no definitive human data proving this systemic risk.
Practical Steps to Minimize Exposure
Consumers can take several direct actions to reduce their inhalation of the tanning mist. The most effective measure is to hold one’s breath during the application of the spray to the face. Using protective accessories, such as disposable nose filters or plugs, can help block the mist from entering the nasal passages.
It is also important to protect other mucous membranes during the session. Clients should keep their eyes completely closed and can apply lip balm or petroleum jelly to their lips to create a barrier. Protective eyewear and disposable undergarments are commonly available and should be utilized to shield sensitive areas.
For professional settings, environmental controls are a significant factor in reducing exposure for both the client and the technician. Salons must ensure that the application area is equipped with adequate ventilation, such as specialized exhaust fans or dedicated spray tan booths. Technicians, who face repeated exposure, should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including a respirator or mask designed to filter fine aerosol particles.