Boxwood (Buxus species) is a popular broadleaf evergreen shrub frequently used in residential landscapes for its dense foliage, which creates formal hedges, topiaries, and foundational plantings. A major concern for homeowners is the presence of deer, which can cause significant damage to yard plantings. Determining a plant’s ability to withstand browsing is a major factor in landscape planning, especially where deer pressure is high.
Boxwood’s General Deer Resistance
Boxwood is widely recognized as one of the most deer-tolerant shrubs available for landscape use. Many agricultural extension services classify the plant as “Rarely Damaged” by deer, placing it near the bottom of their food preference list. While no plant is completely deer-proof, boxwood is seldom severely damaged when other food sources are available. Deer typically select plants such as hostas, arborvitae, or yews before feeding on boxwood foliage. This low palatability makes boxwood a reliable choice and a practical alternative to evergreens heavily browsed in winter.
Chemical Reasons for Deer Avoidance
The primary reason deer avoid Buxus species is the presence of specific chemical compounds within the plant’s leaves and stems. Boxwood contains steroidal alkaloids, naturally occurring substances that act as a defense mechanism. These alkaloids impart a bitter taste to the foliage that is highly unappealing to deer. This chemical defense also creates a strong, distinct odor that further deters browsing animals. Since all parts of the boxwood plant contain these compounds, the shrub remains largely unpalatable throughout the year.
Situations When Deer Will Eat Boxwood
It is important to understand that “deer-resistant” does not mean “deer-immune,” and exceptions to the general rule do occur. The aversion to boxwood can be overridden by specific environmental or situational factors that increase browsing pressure. Extreme winter conditions, where snow cover is deep and prolonged, drastically limit a deer’s food options. When faced with starvation, deer will consume less-preferred plants like boxwood to survive.
High population density in a localized area can also lead to increased damage, as competition forces deer to eat whatever is available. Newly planted or young boxwood shrubs may also be sampled by curious juvenile deer. They may be targeted if they are the only readily available evergreen. This initial nibbling can cause significant damage, even if the deer quickly decide they dislike the taste.
Management Options for High Deer Pressure
For landscapes where damage is still a concern, gardeners can implement several management strategies to protect their boxwood.
Physical Barriers
Temporary physical barriers are highly effective, particularly during the winter months when food scarcity is highest. Wrapping the shrubs in burlap or installing netting around the plants can successfully prevent deer from accessing the foliage.
Repellents
Commercial deer repellents can also be applied, which work by creating an unpleasant taste or odor on the plant’s surface. Repellents often rely on ingredients like putrescent egg solids or capsaicin. They must be re-applied regularly, especially after rain or snow. Rotating between different repellent products is often recommended to prevent deer from becoming accustomed to a single formula.
Alternatives
If persistent deer pressure makes maintaining boxwood too challenging, gardeners can consider highly deer-resistant alternatives. Plants like Japanese plum yew (Cephalotaxus harringtonia) or mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) are also rarely damaged. These alternatives can provide similar texture or structure in the landscape.